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Castra and towns in the hinterland of the limes during Late Antiquity: Pannonia and the provinces along the Lower Danube in comparison

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica | 2017 | vol. LII | 83-108

Keywords Late Antiquity Pannonia Lower Danube Provinces Inner fortifications Frontier organization Transformation of settlement structure

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Abstract

The present contribution considers the Pannonian ‘inner fortifications’ in the context of the development of the infrastructure and urban fabric of selected sites on the Lower Danube. Using Sándor Sopronis’ thesis, which postulates that a multiple defensive system gradually expanded in Pannonia after the time of the Tetrarchy, as a starting point, this study concentrates on the inner fortifications founded in the middle third of the 4th century AD in the hinterland of the Limes (Környe, Tác / Gorsium, Keszthely-Fenékpuszta and Alsóheténypuszta) which, together with towns such as Sopianae, Mursa, Cibalae, Sirmium und Bassianae, constituted an inner line of defence. Whether they functioned in a civil or purely military context is a subject that has been, and still is, much debated. However, they appear to have played a significant role in the storage, distribution, and perhaps production, of the annona. A similar situation can be observed on the Lower Danube, in the provinces of Dacia Ripensis, Moesia Prima and Scythia. Here too a series of castra and towns, which took on similar functions in the course of the 4th century AD, are found some 30 to 50 km from the frontier. This area however saw a further development well into the late 6th century AD: several sites continued to play a central role as the sees of bishoprics in the Early Byzantine Period. The examples of Abritus and Tropaeum Traiani, which both possess elements that are strikingly similar to the Pannonian establishments, are used here to gain insights into the processes at work and to discuss the structural parallels comparatively.

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Authors and Affiliations

Orsolya Heinrich-Tamáska

Targeted Society: Should Sociology Theorize Marketing?

Anna Giza

Studia Socjologiczne | 2021 | No 4 | 83-108 | DOI: 10.24425/sts.2021.139723

Keywords marketing group advocacy needs’ industry

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Abstract

In this text, I argue that sociology can only really understand the social impact of marketing by theorizing it as a powerful system of practices legitimized by a comprehensive cultural concept. In the first section, I discuss the specific time and place of the birth of marketing. In the second part, I discuss the essence of that truly Copernican revolution (Keith 1960). In the third section, I present the ‘need-related’ industry that emerged in the frame of the founding idea. Finally, I discuss a basic marketing tool: segmentation. Selecting the target group for a branded offer is one of the key marketing commandments and reaching that group is the key marketing task. Hence, marketing engages in (re) creating and bringing to light target groups, which it then supports, talks with, and listens to. This means that marketing has taken the role of advocating and mediating groups’ existence (Latour 2005), engaging in this task over one trillion US dollars annually.

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Anna Giza

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Wydział Socjologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Experimental study of the prototype of a Roto-Jet pump for the domestic ORC power plant

Tomasz Z. Kaczmarczyk Eugeniusz Ihnatowicz Grzegorz Żywica Maciej Kaniecki

Archives of Thermodynamics | 2019 | vol. 40 | No 3 | 83-108 | DOI: 10.24425/ather.2019.129995

Keywords Roto-Jet pump Pitot tube pump Domestic ORC micropower plant Lowboiling medium

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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to experimentally determine the characteristics of the prototype of a Roto-Jet pump (the Pitot tube pump) during its operation under conditions typical for the domestic micro power plant. The low-boiling fluid, sold under the trade name of HFE7100 and characterised by a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) coefficient, was used as a working medium in the organic Rankine cycle (ORC). An electric thermal oil heater with a maximum power of 2×24 kWe was used as a heat source. The pump of Roto-Jet type was specially designed for the operation with the following rated parameters of the thermodynamic cycle: nominal flow rate of the working fluid 0.17 kg/s, operating pressure 1.2 MPa. The pump was put under load using an expansion valve that simulated the operation of an expansion machine. The article discusses thermodynamic and flow conditions to be met by the pumping engine as well as results of the experimental research. Moreover, the article includes the operational characteristics of the ORC installation and the Roto-Jet pump obtained during the operation with the target working medium – HFE7100. The engineering problems the authors of this article faced when designing and testing the pumping engine prototype are also presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Z. Kaczmarczyk

Eugeniusz Ihnatowicz

Grzegorz Żywica

Maciej Kaniecki

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Castra and towns in the hinterland of the limes during Late Antiquity: Pannonia and the provinces along the Lower Danube in comparison

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Targeted Society: Should Sociology Theorize Marketing?

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Experimental study of the prototype of a Roto-Jet pump for the domestic ORC power plant

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations