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Decomposition dynamics of cooking-oil-soaked waste paper in media with low inorganic nitrogen content

Tomasz Ciesielczuk Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2023 | vol. 49 | No 1 | 85-93 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2023.144741
Keywords biodegradation cardboard parchment paper cooking oil low inorganic nitrogen
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Abstract

Many paper-related products are in daily use all over the world. Although paper is one of the most recycled materials in the European Union, no end-of-waste criteria have been defi ned. Typical paper and cardboard should be recycled, but paper materials with impurities, such as cooking oil, sand, or plastic, are much more problematic. In particular, paper contaminated with cooking oil or butter (e.g., pizza boxes) is diffi cult waste. Also baking parchment paper cannot be stored as waste paper after use. Composting could be a solution, but in many municipal solid waste collection systems, this waste types are collected with the mixed waste stream, what fi nally leads this material to landfi lling or incinerating processes. Parchment paper and pizza box cardboard contain a lot of cellulose and in landfi lls are a source of CO2 and CH4. Incineration of these materials also leads to CO2 emission. The aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of cooking-oil-contaminated paper in media with a low inorganic nitrogen content. Cardboard usually used for packaging purposes was used as pre-test material. Two types of paper usually used in the kitchen were used: pizza box cardboard and parchment paper highly contaminated with cooking oil. Two types of low inorganic nitrogen media were tested: mature municipal waste compost (MSWC) and leaf mold (LM). The decrease of mass of both paper sample types was correlated with process time. Both tested sample types: dry cellulose materials and paper with cooking oil added, were partly or completely decomposed after 6 weeks of bioprocessing in aerobic conditions without an additional dose of inorganic nitrogen. According to waste separation rules, wet paper or paper contaminated with cooking oil have to be stored with other wastes which are „not possible for further use”. This work show possibility to change these rules.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Opole University, Poland
  2. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland

Modelling of Technology Valuation in the Processof its Commercialization

Bozena Kaczmarska Wacław Gierulski Josef Zajac Anton Bittner Wacław Gierulski
Management and Production Engineering Review | 2021 | vol. 12 | No 1 | 85-93 | DOI: 10.24425/mper.2021.136874
Keywords Model of commercialization process technology value product life cycle
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Abstract

Commercialization processes are modeled and analyzed from the point of view of the implementation of activities under particular stages. These issues are the subject of many studies and analyzes, which is why the extensive literature is available on this subject. Technology valuation at various stages of the commercialization process is a separate issue. Such valuation is prepared in most cases by consulting companies for determining the price in the buying and selling processes. These valuations use known methods also used in other cases, e.g., real estate valuation. The work carried out presents the author’s concept of the commercialization process model, taking into account the costs and value of the technology at various stages of the product life cycle. The model uses a stochastic approach to determine future revenues and costs, which allows estimating the value of the technology by or in determining the probability of assessment validity. The proposed stochastic approach greatly increases the chances of using the presented solutions in practical activities related to technology valuation for the purposes of purchase and sale transactions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bozena Kaczmarska
1
Wacław Gierulski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Josef Zajac
2
Anton Bittner
2
Wacław Gierulski
1
  1. Kielce University of Technology, Poland
  2. Technical University of Kosice, Slovakia

Anatomy of the deep brachial artery — general overview (cadaveric study) — discussion on terminology

Wojciech Przybycień Michał Zarzecki Agata Musiał Paweł Depukat Bartłomiej Kruszyna Agata Mazurek Julia Jaszczyńska Kinga Glądys Ewa Walocha Ewa Mizia Grzegorz Wysiadecki Jerzy Walocha
Folia Medica Cracoviensia | 2021 | Vol. 61 | No 3 | 85-93 | DOI: 10.24425/fmc.2021.138953
Keywords deep brachial artery course anatomical variation nomenclature
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Abstract

There are only very few studies on the anatomy of the deep brachial artery — DBA (arteria profunda brachii), both regarding its course, branching pattern and contribution to the cubital rete. Most of the textbooks are based on data which remain unchanged for years. The aim of this article was to summarize the current knowledge on this vessel, based on the anatomical and clinical studies and other sources available including also own cadaveric study. We tried to present also some controversies regarded to the nomenclature of the branches of the DBA.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Przybycień
1
Michał Zarzecki
1
Agata Musiał
1
Paweł Depukat
1
Bartłomiej Kruszyna
1
Agata Mazurek
1
Julia Jaszczyńska
1
Kinga Glądys
1
Ewa Walocha
2
Ewa Mizia
1
Grzegorz Wysiadecki
3
Jerzy Walocha
1
  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Clinical Nursing, Institute of Nursing and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland

Trapped mode resonances in metalo-dielectric structures with electric asymmetry materials

Mihai Rotaru Jan Sykulski
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2011 | vol. 60 | No 1 March | 85-93 | DOI: 10.2478/v10171-011-0009-4
Keywords trapped mode resonance high quality factor electromagnetic metamaterials electrical asymmetry
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Abstract

This paper investigates the possibility of exciting high quality trapped resonant modes on frequency selective surfaces consisting of identical sub-wavelength metallic inclusions (symmetrically split rings) with no structural asymmetry but exhibitting electrical asymmetry. The electrical symmetry is broken by using different dielectric substrates. The existence of such anti-symmetric trapped mode on geometrical symmetric structure is demonstrated through numerical simulation. Numerical results suggest that the high quality factor observed for these resonant modes is achieved via weak coupling between the "trapped modes" and free space which enables the excitation of these modes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mihai Rotaru
Jan Sykulski

Available Bandwidth and RSRP Based Handover Algorithm for LTE/LTE-Advanced Networks Tested in LTE-Sim Simulator

Ismail Angri Abdellah Najid Mohammed Mahfoudi
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2019 | vol. 65 | No 1 | 85-93 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2019.126287
Keywords mobility management handover LTE lte-sim available bandwidth RSRP
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Abstract

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm that improves the performance of the operation of Handover (HO) in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks. As recognized, Mobility Management (MM) is an important pillar in LTE/LTE-A systems to provide high quality of service to users on the move. The handover algorithms define the method and the steps to follow to ensure a reliable transfer of the UEs from one cell to another without interruption or degradation of the services offered by the network. In this paper, the authors proposed a new handover algorithm for LTE/LTE-A networks based on the measurement and calculation of two important parameters, namely the available bandwidth and the Received Power (RSRP) at the level of eNodeBs. The proposed scheme named LTE Available Bandwidth and RSRP Based Handover Algorithm (LABRBHA) was tested in comparison with well-known algorithms in the literature as the LHHA, LHHAARC and the INTEGRATOR scheme using the open source simulator LTE-Sim. Finally, the network performances were investigated via three indicators: the number of lost packets during the handover operation, the latency as well as the maximum system throughput. The results reported that our algorithm shows remarkable improvements over other transfer schemes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ismail Angri
Abdellah Najid
Mohammed Mahfoudi

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