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Abstract

The present paper is concerned with conceptualisations of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) that appear in a specific piece of business discourse – the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix. More specifically, the authors analyse both the names and the language used to talk about the SBUs. The data for the research comes from three languages: English, Polish, and French, the fi rst of which is the source language of the terminology, while the other two are target languages into which the terminology was rendered. Since the analysed phenomena are chiefl y metaphors and metonymies, the theoretical framework was provided by the Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Metonymy Theory.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Drożdż
Barbara Taraszka-Drożdż
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Abstract

In this article, we attempt to examine how the issue of double‑auxiliary verbs, that is, verbs that can be conjugated – in compound tenses – with both avere and essere as auxiliaries, are presented in Italian grammar books for foreign language learners. We will focus in particular on 1) verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive (e.g., ho cominciato un nuovo lavoro vs le vacanze sono cominciate); 2) verbs expressing atmospheric phenomenon ( ha/è nevicato); 3) verbs of movement (e.g., sono volato a Roma vs ho volato diverse volte); 4) verbs that use two auxiliaries indifferently (e.g., ha/è assomigliato); and 5) verbs that change meaning depending on the auxiliary verb used in the compound tense (e.g., ho calzato gli sci vs è calzato a pennello). Our analysis is carried out on 19 grammar textbooks for Italian language referring to the CEFR, highlighting some weaknesses regarding the presentation of the rules for double‑auxiliary verbs, such as the total omission of this issue, a certain selectivity and/or disorder, as well as terminological inconsistencies. In our conclusions, we propose some solutions that may help to systematize the rules regarding double‑auxiliary verbs in Italian.
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Bibliography

1. BONFATTI SABBIONI, M. T. (2013): “Un approccio linguistico all’insegnamento dell’Italiano come lingua seconda”, Italica, 90/1, 95–116.
2. BOZZO, D. (2018): “Essere o avere? La selezione dell’ausiliare tra teoria e didattica nell’insegnamento dell’italiano a stranieri”, Italica Wratislaviensia, 9/2, 55–80. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.15804/IW.2018.09.16.
3. FERRARI, A./ ZAMPESE, L. (2016): Grammatica: parole, frasi, testi dell’italiano, Carocci, Roma.
4. IVANOVSKA-NASKOVA, R. (2018): “L’insegnamento della grammatica dell’italiano LS attraverso corpora”, Italica Wratislaviensia, 9/1, 71–87. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/IW.2018.09.04
5. KARCZEWSKA, M. (2015): “Auxiliary verbs in compound tenses in Italian and German: A comparative study”, Studia Linguistica, 34, 61–74.
6. KILGARRIFF, A./ BAISA, V. et al. (2014): “The Sketch Engine: ten years on”, Lexicography, 1, 7–36.
7. PAOLI, M. (2016): “Entrare, uscire, salire e scendere: transitivi a furor di popolo?”, disponibile on line: https://accademiadellacrusca.it/it/consulenza/entrare-uscire-salire-e-scendere-transitivia- furor-di-popolo/1047.
8. ROCCHETTI A. (1987), “’Sono’ ou ‘Ho vissuto’? L’emploi des auxiliaires avec les verbes intransitifs”, Chroniques italiennes, 11/12 (3/4), 161–171.
9. SALVI, G. (2001): “La frase semplice”, in: RENZO, L./ SALVI, G./ CARDINALETTI, A. (a cura di): Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. Vol. I. La Frase. I sintagmi nominale e preposizionale, il Mulino, Bologna, 37–127.
10. SALVI, G./ VANELLI, L. (2004): Nuova grammatica italiana, il Mulino, Bologna.
11. SANTI, M. (2006): “Inaccusatività (intransitività scissa)”, Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica, 6, 1–15.
12. SATTA, L. S. (1981), La prima scienza. Grammatica italiana per il biennio delle scuole medie superiori, Messina‑Firenze, D’Anna.
13. SENSINI, M. (1997): La grammatica della lingua italiana, Mondadori, Milano.
14. TRIFONE, P./ PALERMO, M. (2007): Grammatica italiana di base, Bologna, Zanichelli.
15. ZAMBORLIN, C. (2005): “Essere o avere? Oltre le regole tradizionali per comprendere la selezione dell’ausiliare nel passato prossimo. Applicazione glottodidattica delle nozioni di ruolo semantico e di verbo inaccusativo”, in: Insegnare Italiano in Giappone, Istituto Italiano di Cultura, Tokyo, 39–72.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Grochowska-Reiter
1
Daniel Słapek
2

  1. Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza, Poznań
  2. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
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Abstract

Although for many years Plutarch has not been particularly valued for his philosophy, there is a growing interest today in his “practical ethics” and in particular in his writings on human emotions. This paper analyses Plutarch’s views on envy, its causes and effects, as well as the similarities and differences between envy on the one hand and ambition as well as hate on the other. His ideas for “healing” these negative emotions are also presented, ranging from total suppression to replacing the object of envy with another.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Sowa
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Katedra Filologii Klasycznej, Uniwersytet Łódzki
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Abstract

The article deals with the debate on the origins of the primary religion that took place in Polish human sciences after the Second World War. The Author analyses the conceptual structure of texts which constituted the debate.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wiktor Werner
ORCID: ORCID

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