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Abstract

Inspired by the recent avenues for longitudinal research in second language acquisition (SLA), in this study we aimed to trace changes in language mindsets over time via a curve of factors model. The data were collected from 437 adult English as a foreign language learners’ response to the Language Mindsets Index in four time points. The model fit was accepted and the invariance of the latent factor was attested over time. The findings indicated a negative covariance between the initial level language mindsets and the growth level of the construct. This finding implies that learners with a highly initial level of language mindsets experienced less change in the construct over time and those with a lower level of the construct changed their mindsets more over time. Pedagogical implications of the findings such as language teachers’ consideration of growth language mindsets interventions are discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Majid Elahi Shirvan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tahereh Taherian
2
ORCID: ORCID
Elham Yazdanmehr
3
ORCID: ORCID
Esmaeel Saeedy Robat
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Bojnord, Iran
  2. Yazd University, Iran
  3. Attar Institute of Higher Education, Iran
  4. Department of Education, Taybad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Taybad, Iran
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research conducted in the field of crystallization and microstructure of duplex alloy cast steel GX2CrNiMoCuN 25-6-3-3 grade. The material for research was the above-mentioned cast steel with a chemical composition compliant with the relevant PN-EN 10283 standard, but melted at the lowest standard allowable concentration of alloying additives (some in short supply and expensive), i.e. Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Cu and N. The analysis of the crystallization process was performed based on the DTA (Derivative Thermal Analysis) method for a stepped casting with a thickness of individual steps of 10, 20, 40 and 60 mm. The influence of wall thickness was also taken into account in the cast steel microstructure testing, both in the as-cast state and after solution heat treatment. The phase composition of the cast steel microstructure was determined by using an optical microscope and X-ray phase analysis. The analysis of test results shows that the crystallization of tested cast steel uses the ferritic mechanism, while austenite is formed as a result of solid state transformation. The cast steel under analysis in the as-cast state tends to precipitate the undesirable σ-type Fe-Cr intermetallic phase in the microstructure, regardless of its wall thickness. However, the casting wall thickness in the as-cast state affects the austenite grain size, i.e. the thicker the casting wall, the wider the γ phase grains. The above-mentioned defects of the tested duplex alloy cast steel microstructure can be effectively eliminated by subjecting it to heat treatment of type hyperquenching.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Jurczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
C. Baron
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Nuckowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, Towarowa 7, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Silesian University of Technology, Materials Research Laboratory, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

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