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Abstract

Water quality is an environmental priority for irrigation in rainfed agriculture. Recently, water quality has been affect-ed by the uncontrolled disposal of wastewater, the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and, most significantly, by the excessive exploitation of water resources during the low season. The basin of the Maffragh in the Algerian north-east real is fed by two main rivers: Wadi El Kebir East and Bounnamoussa. From its source, the stream is continually contaminated with domestic and agricultural discharges through the tributaries causing a significant deterioration in water quality. In or-der to know the current state of water quality in the Maffragh basin and to determine its suitability for irrigation without any prior treatment, research has been conducted in the two streams at representative sampling points in catchment areas used for irrigating crops. To assess the quality of water and detectable compounds monitoring, laboratory methods are used. The various volumetric and colorimetric assays were carried out according to Jean Rodier. Organic parameters such as ni-trites, ammonium and phosphates, were measured using a UV/VIS 6705 JENWAY spectrophotometer, at wavelengths of 543 nm, 630 nm and 880 nm respectively for nitrites, ammonium and phosphates. The BOD5 and COD parameter was measured using a DIN EN 1899-1-H51 spectrophotometer and DIN ISO15705: 2002 spectrophotometer. The performed analyses on conductivity shows oscillating values ranging between 425 and 495 μS∙cm–1 for January 2018, while for the low water level of July 2018 the conductivity varies between 433 and 796 μS∙cm–1; this parameter is determinant for water quality assessment and its use for irrigation. Beside the conductivity test, the Riverside–Wilcox diagram was applied, to combine conductivity and sodium absorption rate (SAR). The obtained results of the two seasons show satisfactory results in the applicability of the water to irrigate in the basin.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Selwa Boubguira
1
ORCID: ORCID
Derradji Zouini
1
Sayad Lamine
1
Nawel Dali
2

  1. University of Badji Mokhtar, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Geological Research Laboratory (LRG), BP 12 / 23000 Annaba, Algeria
  2. University Abess Laghrour Khenchela, Department of Ecology, Khenchela, Algeria
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Abstract

This article proposes to use abrasive waterjet cutting (AWJ) for deflashing, deburring and similar finishing operations in casting. The basic requirements concerning the dimensional accuracy and surface texture of cast components are not met if visible surface flaws are detected. The experiments focused on the removal of external flash from elements made of EN-GJL-150 cast iron. The method employed for finishing was abrasive waterjet cutting. The tests were carried out using an APW 2010BB waterjet cutting machine. The form profiles before and after flash removal were determined with a Taylor Hobson PGI 1200 contact profiler. A Nikon AZ100 optical microscope was applied to observe and measure the changes in the flash height and width. The casting surface after finishing was smooth, without characteristic sharp, rough edges that occur in the cutting of objects with a considerable thickness. It should be emphasized that this method does not replace precise cutting operations. Yet, it can be successfully used to finish castings for which lower surface quality is required. An undoubted advantage of waterjet cutting is no effect of high temperature as is the case with plasma, laser or conventional cutting. This process is also easy to automate; one tool is needed to perform different finishing operations in order to obtain the desired dimensions, both internal and external.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Bańkowski
S. Spadło
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Abstract

The article presents the new technology of the refractory materials used for the ladles and pouring devices. The aim for solving the majority of the problems that originated from the refractory lining was to develop the group of cement-free TRIAD products by Vesuvius company. The cement-free setting system in the TRIAD products eliminates calcium oxide (CaO) that occurs in low and extra low cement concretes resulting in its higher strength at higher temperatures. The features of the new cement-free castables were described. One of the most unique features of this technology is the porous material structure. Small venting microchannels are formed during the concrete setting process. These micro-channels allow for removing water vapor from the lining without affecting its refractory properties. On the other hand, the diameter of pores is so low that it disallows the penetration of slag and metal into the lining, extends its operating life at the same time facilitates cleaning and removing build-ups. The procedure of the preparation of these materials, as well as the method of building of the lining, were presented. An example of the practical use of these materials in the ductile cast iron foundry was presented, showing the advantages of the new refractory materials over the traditional ones.
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Bibliography

[1] Drevin, J. (2014). Triad – a new range of user-friendly, high-strength refractory concretes. Przegląd Odlewnictwa. 9-10, 390-393. (in Polish).
[2] Rybak, M. (2011). Influence of alumina cement hydration conditions on concrete properties. Piece Przemysłowe & Kotły. 1, 21-25. (in Polish).
[3] Drevin J. (2011). Triad – Triad high-performance castable linings. Foundry Practice. 253(6) 16-20.
[4] Cygan B., Dorula J., Jezierski J. (2018). TRIAD - modern technology of non-cement concrete in cast iron foundry. In Congress Proceedings of the 73rd World Foundry Congress "Creative Foundry", 23rd–27th September 2018 (pp. 561-562). Krakow, Poland: Polish Foundrymen's Association.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Cygan
1 2
J. Dorula
3
J. Jezierski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Department of Foundry Engineering, 7 Towarowa, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Teksid Iron Poland Sp. z o.o., 49 Ciężarowa, 43-430 Skoczów, Poland
  3. Vesuvius Poland Sp. z o.o. , Foundry Division - Biuro Handlowe, Portowa Business Center, 8 Portowa, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

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