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Abstract

In this study, solar cells based on copper oxide and titanium dioxide were successfully manufactured using the reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) technique with similar process parameters. TiO2/CuO, TiO2/Cu2O/CuO/Cu2O, and TiO2/Cu2O solar cells were manufactured via this process. Values of efficiencies, short-circuit current, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and maximum power of PV devices were investigated in the range of 0.02÷0.9%, 75÷350 µA, 75÷350 µA/cm2, 16÷550 mV, and 0.6÷27 µW, respectively. The authors compare solar cells reaching the best and the worst conversion efficiency results. Thus, only the two selected solar cells were fully characterized using I-V characteristics, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, Hall effect measurements, and quantum efficiency. The best conversion efficiency of a solar cell presented in this work is about three times higher in comparison with the authors’ previous PV devices.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Wisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Sawicka-Chudy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sibiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Starowicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Płoch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Góral
3
Mariusz Bester
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Cholewa
1
Janusz Woźny
4
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Sosna-Głębska
2

  1. Institute of Physics, College of Natural Science, University of Rzeszów, 1 Pigonia St., 35-317 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Łódź University of Technology, 211/215 Wólczańska St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  3. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Łódź University of Technology, 211/215Wólczańska St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Low calcium fly ash is used as the main material in the mixture and the crumb rubber was used in replacing fine aggregates in geopolymer mortar. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) which were high alkaline solution were incorporated as the alkaline solution. The fly ash reacted with the alkaline solution forming alumino-silicate gel that binds the aggregate to produce a geopolymer mortar. The loading of crumb rubber in the fly ash based geopolymer mortar was set at 0% (CRGM-0), 5% (CRGM-5), 10% (CRGM-10), 15% (CRGM-15), and 20% (CRGM-20), respectively. NaOH solution (12M) and Na2SiO3 solution ratio is set constant at 2.5 for all geopolymer mixture and the fly ash to alkali activator ratio was kept at 2.0. The CRGM at 28 days of curing time was exposed to elevated temperature at 200°C, 400°C, 600°C and 800°C. The weight loss of the CRGM increases with increasing temperature at all elevated temperatures. However, the density and compressive strength of CRGM decrease with an increase of crumb rubber loading for all elevated temperature exposure. The compressive strength of CRGM reduced due to the fact that rubber decomposes between 200°C and 600°C thereby creating voids. CRGM-15 and CRGM-20 showed cracks developed with rough surface at 800°C. Image obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that, the CRGM changed significantly due to the decomposition of crumb rubber and evaporation of the free water at 400°C, 600°C and 800°C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmad Azrem Azmi
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
2
ORCID: ORCID
Che Mohd Ruzaidi Ghazali
3
ORCID: ORCID
Romisuhani Ahmad
4
ORCID: ORCID
Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya
4
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad A. Almadani
5
ORCID: ORCID
Jerzy J. Wysłocki
6
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Śliwa
7
ORCID: ORCID
Andre Victor Sandu
8
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Center of Excellence Geopolymer and Green Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics, University Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
  4. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
  5. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering – Rabigh Branch, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  6. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
  7. Division of Materials Processing Technology and Computer Techniques in Materials Science, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  8. Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 41 D. Mangeron St., 700050 Iasi, Romania
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Abstract

The article reviews European Union case law on ship registration and sea-faring in EU member states. The EU, aside from encouraging ship registration in member states, enacts choice of law rules in order to mandate the EU lawor domestic law of member states as proper law for seafaring. Today, the larger number of major Polish shipowners fly a flag of convenience (such as Greece or Cyprus), which means Polish merchant ships do not carry Poland’s civil ensigns.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Tomaszewska
Sylwia Majkowska-Szulc
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Abstract

In the presented work, relations between activity of dehydrogenase and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in light soil fertilised with sewage sludge was studied. Sewage sludge was introduced to the soil in the following doses: 30 Mg/ha, 75 Mg/ha, 150 Mg/ha, 300 Mg/ha and 600 Mg/ha. The content of PAI-ls in sewage sludge-amended soil was proportional to sewage sludge dose. Soil fertilisation with sewage sludge stimulated the activity of the dehydrogenase enzymes. With passing of time, a gradual decrease in the activity of dehydrogenase was observed. The coefficients of correlation between activity of the enzyme and PAH content showed that an addition of sewage sludge (with PAI-I content of 5712 μg/kg) had a stimulating effect on dehydrogenase activity in doses of 75 and 150 Mg/ha.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Baran
Elżbieta J. Bielińska
Patryk Oleszczuk
Ewa Baranowska
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of studies on detection, occurrence and differentiation of the waterborne bacterial potential pathogens from Staphylococcus genus in the water of Wigry Lake watering places in north-eastern Poland. The samples of water were collected from June 1995 to September 1999 at one-month intervals, during bathing season. Eight sampling stations were selected in the most attended watering places of the lake, situated near landing stages, camping sites and holiday resorts were investigated. The watering places in the northern part of Lake Wigry (called Ploso Northern) showed the highest number of waterborne bacterial pathogens from Staphylococcus genus. The most numerous were species: Staphylocorcus capitis, Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus len/us and Staphylococcus xylosus. Pathogens from Staphylococcus aureus species identified in I 0% of water samples in the absence of faecal bacteria from Escherichia coli species (in 100 crn' of water). The Czarna Hańcza River, which brought a lot of purified sewage from Wastewater Treatment Plant in Suwałki to northern part of Wigry Lake has immense influence on the pollution of this part Wigry Lake.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Korzeniewska
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Abstract

Bearings of three-bearing shafts are usually treated as ideally-rigid articulated supports. In literature, the reactions of supports and bending moments of multibearing shafts are calculated taking into consideration only shaft elasticity. In fact, also deformation is present in these bearings, and it changes the shaft bending line. The deformation thus influences distribution of bending moment and reaction of supports. It is the most important difference when comparing two-bearing with three-bearing shafts.

Moreover, in most types of bearings, a reactive bending moment is the response of bearing to unparallel position of inner bearing rings in relation to outer rings, that is to the tilt angle. As a result, real loads of rolling elements differ from theoretical ones.

The aim of the paper is to develop a method of calculating generalized loads in rolling bearings of a three-bearing shaft taking into consideration shaft deformation, deformations in bearings and reactive moments of bearings caused by tilt angle.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Raczyński
Jarosław Kaczor

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