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Abstract

W artykule Autor poszukuje odpowiedzi na pytanie, dlaczego w małych miastach województwa białostockiego okresu międzywojennego doszło do stosowania brutalnej przemocy przez niektórych mieszkańców narodowości polskiej, przy zróżnicowanym udziale Niemców, wobec obywateli polskich narodowości żydowskiej.

W pracy Autor odwołał się do tożsamości pogranicza jako kategorii socjologii pogranicza, która umożliwia analizę występujących na omawianym pograniczu polsko-żydowskim dwóch niemal przeciwstawnych typów tożsamości zbiorowych. Wskazano na pięć głównych wymiarów podziałów społecznych (przestrzenne, religijne, poststanowe, narodowe, cywilizacyjne) oraz na więź terytorialną, jako czynnik łączności międzygrupowej. W podsumowaniu Autor wskazuje na brak działań ze strony zewnętrznych aktorów politycznych i kulturowych w warunkach narastania procesów modernizacyjnych w małych miastach.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Sadowski
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Abstract

Probabilistic analysis of a space truss is presented in the paper. Reliability of such a structure is sensitive to geometrical and material imperfections. The objective of this paper is to present a variant of the point estimate method (PEM) to determine mean values and standard deviations of limit loads of engineering structures. The main advantage presented by this method is the small number of sample calculations required to obtain estimators of investigated parameters. Thus the method is straightforward, requiring only preliminaries of probability theory. This approach is illustrated by limit state analysis of a space truss, considering geometric and material imperfections. The calculations were performed for different random models, so the influence of random parameters on the limit load of the truss can be determined. A realistic snow load was imposed.

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Authors and Affiliations

P. Sorn
J. Górski
J. Przewłócki
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Abstract

Stem cells exist and can do a lot. For several decades, bone marrow and umbilical cord blood transplants containing haematopoietic stem cells have been used in the treatment of blood diseases. Genetic modifications (gene therapy) of such cells help to cure complex immunodeficiencies and severe anaemias. The limbal stem cells taken from the eye and properly multiplied can regenerate the damaged cornea, and the epidermal stem cells help in the treatment of severe burns and some hereditary, severe skin diseases. Promising experimental research is under way on other uses of stem cells. However, these cells are appropriately selected, having real ability to differentiate into specialized cells whose malfunction is the cause of the disease. Therapeutic applications of stem cells are apparently limited to date. Meanwhile, the Internet is full of advertisements for supposedly miraculous treatments for almost any disease. Stem cells have become a modern synonym of the Holy Grail. A wonderful dish, transforming every drink into elixir of health, youth and long life. Stem cells from a single source, e.g., umbilical cord blood, or so-called cells, although without proven properties of stem cells, are offered in commercial private clinics as a panacea for autism, cerebral palsy, spina bifida, eye diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dozens other disorders. Without justification for their action in these diseases, without convincing evidence of safety, but for a high fee. This article discusses stem cells and misunderstandings about including any cells among them. It draws attention to the real possibilities and confirmed uses of stem cells and presents the problems, doubts and dangers for patients associated with commercial offers of treatments using “stem” cells. The author cites the positions of scientific institutions and societies warning against premature commercialization of unjustified and potentially dangerous therapies.

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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Dulak

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