Backlogs of transmission facilities (pipelines, power lines, media networks) on third – party property require regulation. This applies to both existing infrastructure and that which remains in the design phase. Drawing on literature, legislation, and practical knowledge, the article’s authors combined statutory definitions and court interpretations with industry guidelines. The transmission easement term was introduced to the Polish law the Civil Code (Act of 2008). The issue of transmission easement, and especially the rules for defining the scope of encumbrances, areas of influence the facilities have on the real estate, and the remuneration related to that, are complex issues that are worthy of being analysed more closely. The analysis of judical decisions and practical vocational experience have allowed for determining the scope of rights and obligations related to the easement laws. It is the intent of the authors of this article for its contents to clarify the transmission easement term and to draw attention to associated issues. We focus on showcasing the transmission easement issue law-wise, with aid of e.g. rulings of Polish common courts, by highlighting the defectiveness and incompleteness of regulations. It is meant as a basis for initiating detailed studies aimed at determining solutions to specific problems.

Unsteady motion of the impeller is one of the several methods to improve mixing in unbaffled vessel. It is very important in pharmaceutical industry, crystallization processes or some chemical reaction with catalyst where baffles are not recommended. The literature data shows that unsteady mixing cause generation of axial flow for radial impellers (Rushton turbine). The purpose of this study was to investigate axial force for axial impellers like A315, HE-3 and SC-3. Moreover, the momentum number, flow number and pumping efficiency were analysed. Results shows that axial force for unsteady mixing is higher in comparison to steady-state mixing. Also, the comparison of axial force between impellers shows that blades influence momentum number and flow number. Impellers with larger blade surface generate stronger axial force. The obtained results reveal that unsteady mixing with axial impellers could be apply for solid-liquid mixing as suitable alternative to steady-state mixing.