On the basis of induction heating, radiation heating and liquid nitrogen refrigeration, high-temperature, medium-temperature, normal-temperature and low-temperature heating/refrigeration furnaces were designed, respectively. An apparatus with a wide temperature range and high accuracy applied to test oxidation resistance of materials has been developed based on the thermogravimetric method and the heat transfer principle. The apparatus consists of four heating/cooling systems, a specimen fixture positioning unit, a laser positioning unit, vertical and horizontal moving guide rails, and a high-precision weighing balance. The apparatus, based on the thermogravimetric method, is able to test oxidation resistance of materials. In the test, the temperature range was −180∼3000◦C (the highest temperature is determined by material properties). The temperature control accuracy was ±5◦C. The accuracy of on-line weighing was ±0:1 mg. The measurement uncertainty was 0.2 mg. Compared with other relevant devices, this apparatus has its own advantages: simple operation, wide heating/cooling temperature range, sufficient specimen heating, high sensitivity and precision, and short heating/cooling time. The experimental results show that the developed apparatus presented in this study not only can be used for isothermal thermogravimetric tests, but also for thermal cycling tests and multi-step oxidation tests. With the effective integration of multiple heating apparatus and refrigeration apparatus, the apparatus breaks through the limitations of the heating/cooling temperature range of the existing devices, accomplishes the high-precision oxidation resistance test of materials in a wide temperature range, and will play a great role in improving the research of materials.
In this study, the synthesis of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) powder was conducted by a carbonation process using carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from waste acidic sludge based on sulfuric acid (H2SO4) containing around 2 wt.% lithium content. Lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) powder as a raw material was reacted with CO2 gas using a thermogravimetric apparatus to measure carbonation conditions such as temperature, time and CO2 content. It was noted that carbonation occurred at a temperature range of 800℃ to 900℃ within 2 hours. To prevent further oxidation during carbonation, calcium sulfate (CaO4S) was first introduced to mixing gases with CO2 and Ar and then led to meet in the chamber. The lithium carbonate obtained was examined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and it was found that of lithium carbonate with a purity above 99% was recovered.
In this paper, the recent ice regime variations in the Kara Sea have been described and quantified based on the high-resolution remote sensing database from 2003 to 2017. In general, the Kara Sea is fully covered with thicker sea ice in winter, but sea ice cover is continuously declining during the summer. The year 2003 was the year with the most severe ice conditions, while 2012 and 2016 were the least severe. The extensive sea ice begins to break up before May and becomes completely frozen at the end of December again. The duration of ice melting is approximately twice than that of the freezing. Since 2007, the minimum ice coverage has always been below 5%, resulting in wide open-waters in summer. Furthermore, the relevant local driving factors of external atmospheric forcing on ice conditions have been quantitatively calculated and analyzed. Winter accumulated surface air temperature has been playing a primary role on the ice concentration and thickness condition in winter and determining ice coverage index in the following melt-freeze stage. Correlation coefficients between winter accumulated temperature and ice thickness anomaly index, the ice coverage anomaly index, duration of melt-freeze stage can approach -0.72, -0.83 and 0.80, respectively. In summer, meridional winds contribute closely to summer ice coverage anomaly index, with correlation coefficient exceeding 0.80 since 2007 and 0.90 since 2010.
In the hybrid multiple H-bridge topology of beam supply, the load change of a DC/DC full-bridge converter can greatly affect the output voltage during onsite operation. An improved sliding mode control (SMC) strategy is thus proposed in this paper, where the rate of switching control is added to the law of system equivalent control to create a law that can realize a complete sliding mode control. Considering the special operating conditions of the load can have an influence on the performance of the controller, the impact of uncertainty existing in onsite conditions is suppressed with the proposed strategy utilized. The validity of the proposed strategy, finally, is verified by simulation, which proves the outperformance of the system in both robustness and dynamics.
The frictional resistance coefficient of ventilation of a roadway in a coal mine is a very important technical parameter in the design and renovation of mine ventilation. Calculations based on empirical formulae and field tests to calculate the resistance coefficient have limitations. An inversion method to calculate the mine ventilation resistance coefficient by using a few representative data of air flows and node pressures is proposed in this study. The mathematical model of the inversion method is developed based on the principle of least squares. The measured pressure and the calculated pressure deviation along with the measured flow and the calculated flow deviation are considered while defining the objective function, which also includes the node pressure, the air flow, and the ventilation resistance coefficient range constraints. The ventilation resistance coefficient inversion problem was converted to a nonlinear optimisation problem through the development of the model. A genetic algorithm (GA) was adopted to solve the ventilation resistance coefficient inversion problem. The GA was improved to enhance the global and the local search abilities of the algorithm for the ventilation resistance coefficient inversion problem.
Sub-bottom profiler (SBP) is an acoustic instrument commonly used to survey underwater shallow geological structure and embedded objects whose most important performance parameter is the actual vertical resolution. This paper presented a methodology to measure and evaluate the actual vertical resolution of SBP based on an experiment in an anechoic tank, which was divided into three components: building of artificial geological model, measurement of acoustic parameters, and determination of actual vertical resolution of the acoustic profiles. First, the wedge-shaped geological model, whose thickness could be accurately controlled, was designed and built in an anechoic tank to try to directly measure the vertical resolution of SBP. Then, the acoustic pulse width of SBP was measured to calculate the theoretical general vertical resolution and extreme vertical resolution. Finally, based on the acoustic profiles obtained in the experiment, the method which was used to evaluate the actual vertical resolution by measuring the duration of reflection event was put forward. Due to comparing measurement data of different parameter settings of the SBP, the study has revealed that the SBP had the lowest resolution in the 4 kHz–500 µs setting, which was 226.5 µs, or 36.2 cm, and the highest resolution in the 15 kHz–67 µs setting, which was 72.7 µs, or 11.6 cm. The vertical resolution decreased with the increase of the pulse width. The results also showed that the actual resolution was close to the theoretical general resolution and far from the extreme resolution.
Current networks are designed for peak loads leading to low utilization of power resources. In order to solve this problem, a heuristic energy-saving virtual network embedding algorithm based on the Katz centrality (Katz-VNE) is proposed. For solving an energy-saving virtual network embedding problem, we introduce the Katz centrality to represent the node influence. In order to minimize the energy consumption of the substrate network, the energy-saving virtual network embedding problem is formulated as an integer linear program, and the Katz-VNE is used to solve this problem. The Katz-VNE tries to embed the virtual nodes onto the substrate nodes with high Katz centrality, which is effective, and uses the shortest paths offering the best factor of bandwidths to avoid the hot nodes. The simulation results demonstrate that the long-term average energy consumption of the substrate network is reduced significantly, and the long-term revenue/cost ratio, the acceptance rate of virtual network requests, and the hibernation rate of substrate nodes as well as links are improved significantly.
The study was aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect specifically Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1). The primers were designed based on the conserved sequence of FHV-1 glycoprotein B gene. The recombinant protein with reactogenicity was purified as coating antigen of the assay. The indirect ELISA, characterized by high sensitivity showed no cross-reaction with two types of feline virus, had detection limit at 1:2000 dilution. The positive rate of the assay, according to the determined cutoff value (0.25), was basically consistent with Feline Herpes Virus Antibody ELISA kit. In conclusion, the indirect ELISA with high repeatability and reproducibility can be used for detecting FHV-1, and can provide necessary support to related research.
Section steels produced by welding are essential parts for shipbuilding and offshore plant production. T-type and H-type section steels are produced by handwork for secondary processing, which is a generally difficult and tedious activity. Therefore, automatic welding, with sound welding properties and a high-speed process, is necessary to meet the production demands. Welding conditions can be optimized by controlling various parameters to obtain suitable and highly reliable microstructural properties. In this study, the heat affected zone and weld defects of fillet-welded Angle and T-bar parts were investigated in terms of their microstructural, macrostructural, and mechanical properties to ensure the soundness of AH36 section steel parts joined by continuous welds.
Fe-based PM alloy powder of Fe-2.5Ni-0.5Mo-2Cu-0.4C was pressed by high velocity compaction combined with die wall lubrication, and the effect of die wall lubrication on high velocity compaction behavior and sintering properties of the Fe-based PM alloy were studied. The results indicate that the impact force, green density, sintered density of samples increase with the augment of the impact velocity and die wall lubrication. Compared with that without die wall lubrication, the green density and sintered density of the sample with die wall lubrication are about 0.07-0.12 g/cm3 and 0.08~0.11 g/cm3 higher at the same impact velocity, respectively, while the ejection force of the die wall lubricated sample is much smaller, and reduced about 26%~36%. The green compact with die wall lubrication has much fewer porosity than that without die wall lubrication, and more mechanical bonding and cold welding regions are observed. The sintered samples mainly consists of gray pearlite and white ferrite, and more pearlite is observed in the sintered sample with die wall lubrication.
The microstructure and macroscopic properties of WC-50Ni+stellite 1(Co-Cr-W, ST1) coating layer fabricated by HVOF spray have been investigated. WC-50Ni powder and ST1 powders were mixed in the ratio of 1:0 and 5:5 wt.%, respectively. Argon heat treatment (Ar) and high-frequency heat treatment (H.F.) were conducted on the coating materials. WC was decomposed in the Ar heat treatment specimen, but decomposition of WC was not observed in the H.F. heat treatment specimen. Hardness was measured for as-sprayed WC-50Ni (821.5Hv) and as-sprayed WC-50Ni+ST1 (668.1 Hv). Hardness of Ar heat treatment specimen was reduced by about 14~18% than that of the as-sprayed coating layers. However, when the H.F. heat treatment was performed, the hardness inversely increased by about 6~10% than the as-sprayed coating layer. Based on these results, the method to improve the mechanical property of HVOF sprayed WC-50Ni+ST1 coating layer has also been also discussed.