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Abstract

Soils that have been exposed to flood waters can be heavily polluted by inorganic and organic compounds. They are mainly compounds which appear in dissolved or suspended form flowing together with heavily laden floodwater, as well as compounds created as a result of reactions in the soil profile, mostly due to anaerobic transformation of organic matter. Heavy metals brought with flood waters are absorbed by the soil and also washed out from flood sediments by precipitation when the flood recedes. This paper presents the results of research on the effects of fertilization with ash from incineration or pyrolysis of biomass on the migration process of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, Mn) in the arable layer of soil. It has been shown that the metals in the flood sediment migrate actively in the soil profile what leads to the enrichment of the soils, also in the case of the soil fertilization with biomass ash.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
Tomasz Ciesielczuk
Katarzyna Kochanowska
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Abstract

Composts made of municipal solid waste could be widely used in reclamation of soil-less mechanically transformed grounds. Even though its usefulness, bearing in mind its origin, it is necessary to consider the compost composition in order to avoid posing a threat to environment due to the possible emission of toxic substances which could be present in compost. Especially, organic waste should be monitored, because being present in composts it might be leached and pose a risk to groundwater and plants. In this work the leaching tests were carried out to state the solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. The both tests results show low solubility of PAHs, max. 10.4% in lysimetrie test and 3.9% in one-step leaching test.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Aluminium is one of the main soil components. Usually it is a part of non-toxic aluminosilicates but in low pH values its mobility is higher and - especially in monomeric form is toxic for plants. Selenium is an essential element necessary for animals and humans. Its compounds have anticancer and anti mutagenic character. However, its high uptake from environment, e.g. with food or water could lead to various diseases including embryonic deformity, decreased hatchling survival and death to aquatic organisms. Soil contamination with aluminium leads to disturbances in plant growth as a result of low calcium and magnesium uptake. High concentrations of selenium lead to its accumulation in plant tissues what is the beginning of selenium fate in food chain. In this work a cultivated layer of soils located near five industry plants in the town of Opole (southern Poland) were investigated. Aluminium and selenium content in soils is an effect of two factors: its natural occurrence in rocks (natural content) and human activity - especially chemicals from agriculture, industrial and transport pollutants. Aluminium was determined in the range of 3440 to 14804 mg/kg d.w. Obtained results of selenium concentration covered the range from 27.1 to 958.1 μg/kg d.w. These results are slightly higher than concentrations noted in natural or non-polluted soils, but still low. These amounts of selenium could have more positive than negative effects. Aluminium and selenium concentrations were discussed concurrently with base soils parameters, such as pH, EC and granulometric fractions composition.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
Magdalena Senze
Grzegorz Kusza
Monika Kowalska-Góralska
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Abstract

Silicon, an important clement for diatoms, is often beyond the main object of freshwater researches. In the last decade, many detergents containing silicon compounds have been released by municipal sewage to surface water ecosystems. In this paper, an influence of silicates and washing agents which contain silicates on algal primary production and biomass growth has been shown. The experimental analysis revealed that detergents with the silicate addition increased the rate of the biomass growth and had a direct impact on algal primary production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID
Izabela Czerniawska-Kusza
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Abstract

The development of civilization contributed to the exponential growth in the production of plastics. Policy of the, so-called, “European Green Deal” places particular emphasis on reducing the use of plastics through various mechanisms, including their reuse, recycling and, in particular, the development of new biodegradable and compostable plastics. In order to check if plastics are suitable for biodegradability and compostability they must undergo a series of tests in accordance with applicable standards. The biodegradation test procedures are very general and allow for the use of different temperatures of the biodegradation process in the test. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of temperature on the biodegradation process of selected packaging materials. The obtained results show a significant influence of the temperature of the biodegradation process of all 3 tested types of packaging materials: oxy-biodegradable, corn starch and paper. Statistically significant differences in the biodegradation rate of the tested packaging materials were demonstrated in as low as 40°C, despite the low intensity of the process. As the process temperature increased to 45 and 50°C, a statistically significant increase in CO2 productions was recorded. CO2 is produced by the degradation of polymers and is an indicator for this process. At 50°C, the highest decomposition rate, resulting in the highest CO2 production, was recorded in the case of corn starch films. Oxy-biodegradable material showed worst degradation potential what excludes it from composting processes.
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Bibliography

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  14. Luchese, C.L., Benelli, P., Spada, J.C. & Tessaro I.C. (2018). Impact of the starch source on the physicochemical properties and biodegradability of different starch-based films. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. DOI:10.1002/APP.46564
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  20. Seruga, P., Krzywonos, M., Wilk, M. & Borowiak D. (2019). The Effect of Selected Parameters on the Stabilization Efficiency of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) in the Mechanical and Biological Treatment Plant (MBT). Annual Set The Environment Protection, 21, pp. 316-329.
  21. Spiridon, I., Anghel, N.C., Darie-Nita, R.N., Iwańczuk, A. Ursu, R.G. & Spiridon I.A. (2019). New composites based on starch/Ecoflex®/biomass wastes: Mechanical, thermal, morphological and antimicrobial properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 156, pp. 1435-1444. DOI:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.185
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Poluszyńska
1
Tomasz Ciesielczuk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Biernacki
1
Maciej Paciorkowski
1

  1. Research Network Łukasiewicz – Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Division of Material,Processing and Environmental Engineering, Opole, Poland
  2. Opole University, Opole, Poland
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Abstract

The problem of the migration of metal ions in the environment remains a current problem in light of the quality of obtained crops. The necessity of more and more frequent use of alternative sources of biogens in the form of waste substances, poses a threat of loading significant amounts of metals into the soil – including heavy metals harmful to human health and life. The article discusses a significant problem, namely the comparison of the results of the environmental impact of waste, obtained on the basis of legally authorized leaching tests (three-stage leaching test according to PN-EN 12457:2006), with results obtained from sequential chemical extraction (performed in 4-step chemical extraction developed and recommended in European Union countries by Communities Bureau of References – BCR). The study covered an investigation of industry fly ash from the combustion of lignite, in which Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Na, K, Li concentrations and loads were calculated. A mobility of analyzed elements was established on this basis. From heavy metals, the highest values in fraction I were noted for nickel and copper and zinc as well as nickel were noted for fraction IV . Peaking values of electrolytic conductivity in eluates was created by high concentrations of macroelements (Na and K). These tests confirm that the leaching tests used for their application in the natural environment indicate such concentrations at the highest levels that can be obtained at the first or second stage of sequential chemical extraction, and thus their proper full environmental impact is not known.

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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Karwaczyńska
Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Many paper-related products are in daily use all over the world. Although paper is one of the most recycled materials in the European Union, no end-of-waste criteria have been defi ned. Typical paper and cardboard should be recycled, but paper materials with impurities, such as cooking oil, sand, or plastic, are much more problematic. In particular, paper contaminated with cooking oil or butter (e.g., pizza boxes) is diffi cult waste. Also baking parchment paper cannot be stored as waste paper after use. Composting could be a solution, but in many municipal solid waste collection systems, this waste types are collected with the mixed waste stream, what fi nally leads this material to landfi lling or incinerating processes. Parchment paper and pizza box cardboard contain a lot of cellulose and in landfi lls are a source of CO2 and CH4. Incineration of these materials also leads to CO2 emission. The aim of this study was to investigate the degradation of cooking-oil-contaminated paper in media with a low inorganic nitrogen content. Cardboard usually used for packaging purposes was used as pre-test material. Two types of paper usually used in the kitchen were used: pizza box cardboard and parchment paper highly contaminated with cooking oil. Two types of low inorganic nitrogen media were tested: mature municipal waste compost (MSWC) and leaf mold (LM). The decrease of mass of both paper sample types was correlated with process time. Both tested sample types: dry cellulose materials and paper with cooking oil added, were partly or completely decomposed after 6 weeks of bioprocessing in aerobic conditions without an additional dose of inorganic nitrogen. According to waste separation rules, wet paper or paper contaminated with cooking oil have to be stored with other wastes which are „not possible for further use”. This work show possibility to change these rules.
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Bibliography

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  2. Ahmed, S., Hall, A.M. & Ahmed, S.F. (2018) Biodegradation of Different Types of Paper in a Compost Environment. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Natural Sciences and Technology (ICNST’18) March 30–31, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh.
  3. Al-Mutairi, N. (2009) Co-composting of manure with fat, oil, and grease: Microbial fingerprinting and phytotoxicity evaluation. Can. J. Civ. Eng. 36(2) pp. 209–218. DOI:10.1139/L08-117
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  11. Ciesielczuk, T., Poluszyńska, J., Rosik-Dulewska, Cz., Sporek, M. & Lenkiewicz, M. (2016). Uses of weeds as an economical alternative to processed wood biomass and fossil fuels. Ecological engineering, 95, pp. 485–491. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.100
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  24. Poluszyńska, J., Ciesielczuk, T., Biernacki, M. & Paciorkowski M. (2021) The effect of temperature on the biodegradation of different types of packaging materials under test conditions. Archives of Environmental Protection, 47(4), pp. 74–83. DOI:10.24425/aep.2021.139503
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole University, Poland
  2. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

This work presents results of the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from granules composed of fly ashes, which are the product of hard and coal combustion and sewage sludge. 3 types of granulates by a weight ratio of ash to sludge 3:7 and 1: 1 were used. The research of PAH leaching was conducted within a simulated period of 24 months, with the examination of PAH washing out every three months. The highest amounts of PAH (297 - 330 μg/kg dw.) were obtained_from granulates containing 7 parts by weights of sewage sludge (3 times higher in comparison with the granulate containing ash and sludge in ratio of I: 1 ). The maximum PAH release from all the examined granulates took place in the 9th month of the research. Benzo(k)fluoranthene revealed the highest fraction (67.4-76.0%) of all examined compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Czesława Rosik-Dulewska
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Karwaczyńska
Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID

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