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Abstract

This is an analysis of the strategies used to create a perception of Japan, or the ‘Japan effect’ – a term inspired by Roland Barthes ‘reality effect’ ( effet de reel) – in the fiction of Wacław Sieroszewski and Ferdynand Ossendowski, two Polish writers who were first to introduce Japan to the Polish general public. Both visited Japan, Sieroszewski in 1903 and Ossendowski in 1921; both were authors of popular fiction set in exotic locations. However, each of them chose a different strategy of presenting the Japanese setting of their stories. While Ossendowski's construction of the ‘Japan effect’ can be described as ‘encyclopedic realism’ (his narrative is stitched up with multiple notes and explanations), Sieroszewski takes a more direct, dramatic approach. Sieroszewski prefers to confront the reader with various exotic ‘props’ and to take him on a journey of discovery of the peculiarities of Japanese behavior, aesthetic values and ways of thinking.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Deja
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wydział Polonistyki, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
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Abstract

Thirty-one tidewater glacier bays in Spitsbergen Island were visited by yachts in August 2011, 2015, 2016 and 2017. Surface water samples were taken by volunteers, the members of the yacht crews, to measure concentrations of suspended matter, salinity, and temperature. Secchi disc measurements were used to measure water transparency. A series of photographs along the glacier fronts were taken and used to count seabirds that were present near the glacier cliff. Basic topographic features (depth, presence of a sill, exposure, glacier width) were obtained from sea charts and analysed. The number of preying Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla; a target species) ranged from zero to over 2000 birds during 89 visits. High concentrations of individuals (above 100) were observed in 20% of the visits, while no birds were recorded in 42% of the visits. There was no statistical correlation between the topographic features of the glacier and bird concentrations. To our present knowledge, Black-legged Kittiwake feeding spots are random and temporary in time in which (or soon after) the juveniles are leaving the colony. They are a recurrent phenomenon related to krill abundance and simultaneous jet-like meltwater discharges.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Dragańska-Deja
Małgorzata Błaszczyk
Kajetan Deja
Jan Marcin Węsławski
ORCID: ORCID
Jan Rodak

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