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Abstract

Batch dark fermentation of wheat straw and boiled potato wastes at volatile suspended solids (VSS) 5 g VSS/L are examined and compared. Investigations on dark fermentation of potatowastes and wheat straw were carried out at different pH and OFR (oxygen flow rate) values and inoculum pretreatment. The obtained hydrogen yield from waste potato was 70 mL/g VSS, while for hydrolysed wheat straw it amounted to 80 mL/g VSS. The optimum conditions for potato dark fermentation are acidic pH 6.0 and OFR 1.0 mL/h, while for the wheat straw, optimal conditions are pH 6.4 and OFR 4.6 mL/h. The comparison revealed a significant difference in hydrogen production due to the type of substrate, inoculum stressing and DF conditions applied.
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Authors and Affiliations

Gaweł Sołowski
1
Izabela Konkol
1
Marwa Shalaby
2
Adam Cenian
1

  1. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Sciences, Physical Aspects of Ecoenergy Department, 14 Fiszera St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. National Research Center in Cairo, Department of Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant, El Bijouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 12622
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Abstract

Initial investigations on oxidation behaviour and phase transformations of equimolar AlCoCrCuNi high entropy alloy with and without 1 at.% silicon addition during 24-hr exposure to air atmosphere at 1273 K was carried out in this work. After determining the oxidation kinetics of the samples by means of thermogravimetric analysis, the morphology, chemical and phase compositions of the oxidized alloys were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Additional cross-section studies were performed using transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction. From all these investigations, it can be concluded that minor silicon addition improves the oxidation kinetics and hinders the formation of an additional FCC structure near the surface of the material.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Gawel
1
Ł. Rogal
2
ORCID: ORCID
K. Przybylski
1
Kenji Matsuda
3

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, Department of Physical Chemistry and Modelling, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30 -059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Metallurgy and Materials, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  3. University of Toyama, Faculty of Sustainable Design, Department of Materials Design and Engineering, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
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Abstract

In this paper cation arrangement in two samples of aluminoceladonite, emerald‑green and dark-green were studied by Mössbauer, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra obtained in the region of the Si2p, Al2p, Fe2p, K2p, and O1s core levels provided information, for the first time highlighting a route to identify the position of Si, Al, K, and Fe cations in a structure of layered silicates. The XPS analysis showed the presence of Al in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination while the K2p line indicated the possibility of K+ substitution by other cations in interlayer sites. Mössbauer spectroscopy provided information about crystal chemistry with respect to the local electronic and geometric environment around the Fe atom and to distortions of the polyhedra. It turned out that iron was located mostly in the cis-octahedra position wherein about 75% of iron appeared in the form of Fe 3+. The most preferred cation combinations around Fe corresponded to 3Fe 3+ ions and MgFe 2+Fe 3+/2MgFe 3+. Raman spectroscopy illustrated aluminium substitution in silicon and iron positions wherein the concentration of the aluminium determined the degree of structural distortion within the layered system. These isomorphic substitutions implied a typical band arrangement in the hydroxyl region, which has not been observed in celadonites so far.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł
1
Mateusz Dulski
2
Maria Czaja
3
Tomasz Krzykawski
3
Magdalena Szubka
1

  1. Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  2. Institute of Material Science, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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Abstract

Al-Y-Fe amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys are characterized by a unique collection of diverse properties that are influenced by various factors, including heat treatment. In this paper, the effect of heat treatment on the structural changes and selected properties of Al-Y-Fe metallic glasses in the as-spun state is investigated. The structure of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS). The corrosion resistance of the samples was characterized using polarization tests in a 3.5% NaCl solution at 25 °C. The effect of sodium chloride on the surface was studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The magnetic properties of Al-based alloys were explored using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). It was revealed that the tested alloys show better properties after annealing than in the as-spun state. The annealing of the Al88Y7Fe5 and Al88Y6Fe6 alloys in the temperature range of 200 to 300 °C improved the magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of these materials. After 3,600 s, the better EOCP values were recorded for the Al88Y6Fe6 and Al88Y7Fe5 alloys after annealing at 300 °C and 200 °C, adequately. On the basis of the polarization tests, it was concluded that the electrochemical properties are better for Al88Y6Fe6 alloys after annealing at 300 °C.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Babilas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Spilka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Łoński
1
Adrian Radoń
2
Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł
3
Piotr Gębara
4

  1. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Sowinskiego 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  3. Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
  4. Department of Physics, Czestochowa University of Technology, Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland

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