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Abstract

Background: The histology of the lung includes a variety of cell types. Fibrosis is a universal process, occurring in the skin, intestine, heart, muscles, kidney, blood vessels, liver, and also the lungs. Telocytes are a type of cells with a wide range of properties, which were previously described in healthy and disease-affected organs of human and animal organisms.

Aim: This study aimed to identify telocytes in the lungs of rats and discuss their possible role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.

Methods: Tissue samples were taken from a group of ten male Wistar rats. Further histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Double immunolabeling for c-kit, vimentin, CD34, and PDGFRα has revealed telocytes in the lungs.

Results: In all tissue samples, telocytes have been identified (in the area of interalveolar septa, close to blood vessels, and between the airway epithelium).

Conclusion: Telocytes might be directly and indirectly (through contact with stem cells, secretomes, and reduction in number) involved in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. The heterogeneity of the telocyte population in different pathologies and their subtypes, as well as their tendency to be common stress their important role in pathological physiology.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gil
1
Veronika Aleksandrovych
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The interstitial cells known as telocytes have been described in various organs. Their role in the normal physiology and pathogenesis of numerous diseases is well known. They have been described in the context of various diseases (gallstone disease, endometriosis, uterine myoma, hydronephrosis, myocardial infraction, psoriasis, etc.), while their impact on inflammation, involvement in angiogenesis, and repair highlights their part in local homeostasis. What is known about their relationship with the immune system? Their secretomes, genome, immune profiles, contacts with surrounding cells, and specific loca-lization allow us to give a possible explanation for their involvement in pathological pathways. This review aims to present the roles and features of telocytes in the context of intestinal immunity (the largest in our body), in the spleen, their interactions with immunocytes, and their place in stem cell niches.
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Authors and Affiliations

Veronika Aleksandrovych
1
Anna Gil
2
Adrian Poniatowski
1 3

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 12, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
  3. Vassar Brothers Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 45 Reade Place, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
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Abstract

Background: Uterine leiomyoma is the most widespread benign tumor affecting women of childbearing age. There are still gaps in the understanding of its pathogenesis. Telocytes are unique cells found in more than 50 different locations inside the human body. The functional relationship between cells could clarify the pathogenesis of leiomyomata. Examination of membrane receptors on telocytes could explain their role in fibrosis, oxidative stress, and myometrial contractility.

Aim: This research was conducted to assess the density of telocytes in terms of their putative role in leiomyoma formation by focusing on their correlation with the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors.

Methods: For gross evaluation of uterine tissue samples from leiomyoma, routine histology of adjacent and unaffected myometrium was performed. Immunohistochemical analysis of c-kit, tryptase, CD34, PDGFRα (telocyte-specific), and ER and PRs (estrogen and progesterone receptors) was performed to examine uterine telocytes and the expression of sex steroid receptors.

Results: The decline in telocyte density in leiomyoma foci was correlated with high progesterone expression and low estrogen receptor expression. The unchanged myometrium showed the opposite correlation and balance between both steroid hormone receptors. The difference in sex steroid receptor expression is correlated with the density of uterine telocytes, which emphasizes their conductor function.

Conclusions: A reduction in telocyte density and the changes in examined marker expression demon-strate the involvement of telocytes in local homeostasis. The expression of membrane receptors explicitly indicates their functional potential in the human myometrium, focusing attention on contractility and local homeostasis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Veronika Aleksandrovych
Anna Gil
Anna Wrona
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Abstract

I n t r o d u c t i o n: Hydronephrosis is an actual pediatric problem, affecting children in the anteand neonatal periods. Intrinsic stenosis is due to external obstruction and creates a pathophysiological basis of this urological pathology. Co-localization of ureter with a renal vasculature also could not be omitted from this point of view. Mesenchymal cells, partially telocytes, are important for local fibrosis development and hydronephrosis formation as well. In the current study, we focused on identification of telocytes in the human ureters to hypothesize their role in hydronephrosis pathophysiology.

M a t e r i a l a n d Me t h o d s: The samples were taken from 18 surgically treated patients with hydronephrosis (due to ureteral obstruction and crossing renal vessel). The control group consisted of 10 patients suffered from a non-obstructive disease of the urinary tract — predominantly renal tumors. Tissue samples from a ureter were stained for c-kit, tryptase, CD34 and PDGFRα to identify telocytes. Routine histology was performed to analyze tissue morphology, collagen deposits and mast cell’s profile.

R e s u l t s: Telocytes were detected in the ureteral wall. In patients with hydronephrosis we revealed decreasing density of telocytes, the prevalence of collagen, rise in mast cells amount and the ureteral wall thickening. In ureters with crossing renal vessels as a primary etiologic factor more telocytes have been observed in comparison with the obstructive hydronephrosis.

C o n c l u s i o n s: A declined density of telocytes accompanied hydronephrosis development. Increased number of mast cells in the ureteral wall reflects a local inflammation, while detailed observation of collagen/muscle deposits and density of telocytes reveal a difference depended on etiologic factor (obstruction or crossing vessel) in patients with hydronephrosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Wolnicki
Veronika Aleksandrovych
Anna Gil
Artur Pasternak
Krzysztof Gil
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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy worldwide and the second most deadly cancer. Scientists have projected that by 2040, the prevalence will reach up to 3.2 million new cases annually due to population aging, disadvantageous diet transformations, and elevated exposure to risk factors. In the past decades, the five-year survival rate in colorectal cancer has significantly increased to 65% due to the development of an early endoscopic diagnosis and new chemotherapeutic approaches. Fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine, are commonly used to treat CRC. One of the most fundamental mechanisms of 5-FU is based on the inhibition of thymidylate synthase. This action is responsible for the therapeutic, but also toxic, effects of the drug. In this short review, we discuss the possible effects of vitamin D activity on colorectal cancer cells in relation to fluoropyrimidines. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched up to January 2022 for studies on vitamin D and 5-fluorouracil interaction mechanisms. Original studies, case reports, and review articles were included.
Vitamin D or its analogs target multiple biochemical pathways and modulate numerous pathophysiolo-gical mechanisms in the course of colon cancer, including those related to the pharmacological sites of fluoropyrimidines. However, the available data concerning vitamin D–fluoropyrimidine pharmacological interactions are limited, especially regarding patients suffering from colon cancer and being treated with fluoropyrimidines.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jurczyk
1
Aleksandra Midro
1
Magdalena Król
1
Weronika Olesiak
1
Dariusz Stąpor
1
Anna Gil
1
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Up to 2% of pregnancies may be extrauterine. Despite reproductive problems, they might increase the risk of serious complications. We present a case report of a 31-year-old woman with two extrauterine pregnancies — tubal and ovarian, which occurred at the same side with little time difference. In addition, we aimed to examine possible reasons underlying this rare pathology. Thus, surgically removed tissue specimens were morphologically assessed and further compared with specimens from healthy control patients. Telocytes were analysed in detail due to their pivotal role in the female repro-ductive system. Our study had observational character and obvious limitations typical for a clinical case. Yet, such a clinical case of two ectopic pregnancies has not been previously reported in the literature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Wrona
1
Veronika Aleksandrovych
2
Anna Gil
3
Magdalena Kurnik-Łucka
2
Jerzy A. Walocha
3
Krzysztof Gil
2

  1. Gynecology and Obstetrics Ward with Gynecologic Oncology Subdivision, J. Śniadecki’s Specialistic Hospital, Nowy Sącz, Poland
  2. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is a commonly used chemotherapy agent exerts undesired cardiac toxicity. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be one of potentially important mechanisms of 5-FU- induced cardiotoxicity. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (α-KGDHC) is the key regulatory enzyme of TCA cycle. The complex consists of multiple copies of three catalytic subunits: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). α-KGDHC together with branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDHC) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHC), are the members of 2-oxoacid dehydrogenases family that share some structural and functional similarities. Recently, it has been found that 5-FU stimulates BCKDHC in rat’s cardiac muscle. Therefore, we hypothesize that 5-FU modifies α-KGDHC activity and affects cardiac muscle metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 5-FU on α-KGDHC activity and protein levels of E1 and E2 subunits of the complex in rat’s cardiac muscle. Wistar male rats were administered with 4 doses of 5-FU, 150 mg/kg b.wt. each (study group) or 0.3% methylcellulose (control group). α-KGDHC activity was assayed spectrophotometrically. The E1 and E2 proteins levels were quantified by Western blot. 5-FU administration resulted in stimulation of myocardial α-KGDHC activity in rats. In addition, E2 protein level increased in response to 5-FU treatment, while the E1 protein level remained unchanged. Up- regulation of α-KGDHC appears to result from change in E2 subunit protein level. However, the effect of 5-FU on factors modifying α-KGDHC activity at post-translational level cannot be excluded.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Knapik-Czajka
1
Anna Gawędzka
1
Michał Jurczyk
2
Jagoda Drąg
1
Małgorzata Belczyk
1
Veronika Aleksandrovych
2
Anna Gil
3
Krzysztof Gil
1

  1. Department of Biochemical Analytics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Authors, mostly specialists on rehabilitation and orthopedic surgery prove that arthrofibrosis is a commonly overlooked phenomenon, which may lead to serious limitation in the range of movement, leading to limitation in patients quality of functioning. The main goal of this article is to emphasize the importance of understanding a such complex condition. Non typical patomechanism, lack of biomarkers dedicated to this dysfunction and general lack of under-standing in this pathology causes that risk factors and the most effective strategies remain vastly unknown. Pathophysiology of the arthrofibrosis in the joints is definitely multifactorial, but intense production of collagen seems to be the main factor. Most modern pharmacological methods concentrate on the regula-tion of collagen fiber production and reducing the inflammation. Inflammation from joint contractures stimulates the proliferation of activated cells that results in the production of extracellular matrix macromolecules to form fibrotic tissue that is deposited into the capsule, thereby resulting in fibrosis.
Lack of unified classification scale is caused by relatively high variation of the functions fulfilled by particular joints and each treatment plan should be constructed individually. Quality of surgical treatment and physical therapy play a major role in both prevention and treatment of such complex condition as arthrofibrosis.
Both iatrogenic mistakes and overly aggressive manual therapy are some of main factors increasing the risk of this pathological condition. Introducing properly conducted physical therapy treatment in the early stage is crucial to main the range of movement and preventing this significant problem.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Walocha
1
Bartosz Rutowicz
2
Wojciech Przybycień
2
Michał Zarzecki
2
Michał Kłosiński
2
Paweł Depukat
2
Bernard Solewski
2
Ewa Mizia
2
Anna Gil
2
Ewa Walocha
3

  1. Boom Boxing Studio, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  3. Laboratory of Nursing Theory and Fundamentals, Institute of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The dorsal capsule of the wrist and the DCSS may play a significant role in the conduction of nerve signals transmitted from proprioceptors present in SL to PIN, which is located above the dorsal capsule. Hence, this study aimed to determine if nerve fibers of PIN penetrate inside the dorsal capsule. The dorsal capsules of the wrist were dissected from both sides from 15 cadavers. Eventually, 30 dorsal capsules were dissected. It can be concluded that the PIN nerve fibers penetrate the dorsal capsule of the wrist, as the penetration was noticeable in every part evaluated.
The present study proves that afferent fibers from the mechanoreceptors of the SLIL potentially pass through the DCSS and subsequently through the dorsal capsule of the wrist to the PIN. This knowledge can surely be of great use for hand surgeons that perform procedures on the dorsal wrist.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bonczar
1
Tomasz Bonczar
1
Patryk Ostrowski
1
Martyna Dziedzic
1
Mariusz Bonczar
1
Dawid Plutecki
2
Anna Gil
1
Małgorzata Jasińska
3
Grzegorz Lis
3
Jerzy Walocha
1
Mateusz Koziej
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
  3. Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

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