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Abstract

With development of medical diagnostic and imaging techniques the sparing surgeries are facilitated. Renal cancer is one of examples. In order to minimize the amount of healthy kidney removed during the treatment procedure, it is essential to design a system that provides three-dimensional visualization prior to the surgery. The information about location of crucial structures (e.g. kidney, renal ureter and arteries) and their mutual spatial arrangement should be delivered to the operator. The introduction of such a system meets both the requirements and expectations of oncological surgeons. In this paper, we present one of the most important steps towards building such a system: a new approach to kidney segmentation from Computed Tomography data. The segmentation is based on the Active Contour Method using the Level Set (LS) framework. During the segmentation process the energy functional describing an image is the subject to minimize. The functional proposed in this paper consists of four terms. In contrast to the original approach containing solely the region and boundary terms, the ellipsoidal shape constraint was also introduced. This additional limitation imposed on evolution of the function prevents from leakage to undesired regions. The proposed methodology was tested on 10 Computed Tomography scans from patients diagnosed with renal cancer. The database contained the results of studies performed in several medical centers and on different devices. The average effectiveness of the proposed solution regarding the Dice Coefficient and average Hausdorff distance was equal to 0.862 and 2.37 mm, respectively. Both the qualitative and quantitative evaluations confirm effectiveness of the proposed solution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Skalski
Katarzyna Heryan
Jacek Jakubowski
Tomasz Drewniak
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Abstract

Minimally invasive procedures for the kidney tumour removal require a 3D visualization of topological relations between kidney, cancer, the pelvicalyceal system and the renal vascular tree. In this paper, a novel methodology of the pelvicalyceal system segmentation is presented. It consists of four following steps: ROI designation, automatic threshold calculation for binarization (approximation of the histogram image data with three exponential functions), automatic extraction of the pelvicalyceal system parts and segmentation by the Locally Adaptive Region Growing algorithm. The proposed method was applied successfully on the Computed Tomography database consisting of 48 kidneys both healthy and cancer affected. The quantitative evaluation (comparison to manual segmentation) and visual assessment proved its effectiveness. The Dice Coefficient of Similarity is equal to 0.871 ± 0.060 and the average Hausdorff distance 0.46 ± 0.36 mm. Additionally, to provide a reliable assessment of the proposed method, it was compared with three other methods. The proposed method is robust regardless of the image acquisition mode, spatial resolution and range of image values. The same framework may be applied to further medical applications beyond preoperative planning for partial nephrectomy enabling to visually assess and to measure the pelvicalyceal system by medical doctors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Heryan
Andrzej Skalski
Jacek Jakubowski
Tomasz Drewniak
Janusz Gajda
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Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) printed model of the renal vasculature shows a high level of accuracy of subsequent divisions of both the arterial and the venous tree. However, minor artifacts appeared in the form of oval endings to the terminal branches of the vascular tree, contrary to the anticipated sharply pointed segments. Unfortunately, selective laser sintering process does not currently permit to present the arterial, venous and urinary systems in distinct colors, hence topographic relationship between the vas-cular and the pelvicalyceal systems is difficult to attain. Nonetheless, the 3D printed model can be used for educational purposes to demonstrate the vast renal vasculature and may also serve as a reference model whilst evaluating morphological anomalies of the intrarenal vasculature in a surgical setting.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Katarzyna Heryan
2
Jacek Tarasiuk
3
Sebastian Wroński
3
Klaudia Proniewska
4
Piotr Walecki
4
Michał Zarzecki
1
Grzegorz Goncerz
1
Jerzy Walocha
1

  1. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Anatomy, Kraków, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Measurement and Electronics, Kraków, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Kraków, Poland
  4. Jagiellonian University Medical College, Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Kraków, Poland

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