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Number of results: 14
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Abstract

The effect of total energy consumption and electric energy consumption on cumulated noxiousness index (SWU) value of coke production process, steel rolled goods and PVC windows profiles is presented in the paper. Using the sequential analysis it was proved that in SWU of the prediction process, from the stage of law materials to the final product, the onerousness connected with energy consumption amounts from 70% up to 81%, whereas that connected with electric energy directly or indirectly consumed - from 60% up to 77%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Malina
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

Laboratory works on combustion of some organic compounds as air pollutants in presence of platinum, palladium and manganese catalysts at various oxygen concentrations were carried out. Several mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen contained vapours of hexane, isooctane, methanol, acetone ethyl acetate and toluene were examined. The experimental results show that conversion efficiency of 95% might be reached, despite of oxygen concentration decreasing to 5%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Walter Mucha
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The paper presents investigations of dust fractional composition concerning combustion of hard coal in circulating fluidized bed boilers (CFBs). Experimentally determined emission factors for such boilers, and also typical pulverized-fuel furnaces, furnaces with mechanical stoker and domestic furnaces arc presented. They all have been obtained for Upper Silcsian type of coal. Total dust and characteristic fractions: PM2.5 and PM 10 are covered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

Samples of steam coal used in heat and power plants as well as densimetric fractions obtained on a laboratory scale by dense organic liquid separation have been examined. The contents of ash, mercury, chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead have been determined in coal, in the light and medium fraction as well as in the refuse. The degree of removal of mineral matter and the examined heavy metals as well as the coal combustible parts yield have been determined. Examination of 5 coals revealed that it is possible to remove 41% of mercury and more than 35% of other heavy metals bound to mineral matter in coal.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elwira Zajusz-Zubek
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The emission of dust from coal fired furnaces introduces a lot of contamination into the environment, including dangerous metal compounds, which occur as trace elements in hard and brown coal. After the coal is burnt, they are contained in the grains of respirable dust, which creates health hazard. The results of investigations into the distribution of several trace elements in granular composition of ash emitted from CFB boilers used in coal-fired heat and power station are presented. The research material was taken by means of a cascade impactor, enabling a different granulometrie fraction to be separated from a stream of dust that penetrated the electrofilter. The CP-AES method (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) was used to determine trace elements after prior mineralization of samples by microwave method. The Authors presented the results of measurements and analyses, determining the ranges of trace elements' occurrence in dust, characterizing the distribution in PM,, PM25 and PM10 granulometrie fractions and determining the emission factors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
Katarzyna Stec
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Abstract

The emission of dust from power and industrial sources introduces a lot of contaminants into the air, including compounds of trace clements contained in fuels and raw materials. They arc contained in rcspirablc dust particles, creating hazard to human health. The results of investigations into the occurrence of selected trace clements in PM1, PM25 and PM10 fractions of dust emitted from coal-fired boilers equipped with air protection devices such as cyclone, clectrofiltcr, wet and dry-scrubbing FGD plant have been presented. Dust emitted from a coke battery (battery heating) and rotary kiln for cement manufacture was also subjected to research. The research material was taken by means of a cascade impactor, enabling a fraction or different grain size dust to be separated from a stream of dust collected in an elcctrofiltcr. The ICP-AES method (of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) with plasma excitation) was used to determine the trace clements alter prior mineralization of samples by microwave method. The results of measurements and analyses were presented by determining the ranges of trace elements occurrence in flue dust and emission factors in PM,s It was found out that big utility boilers and rotary kilns in the cement industry which are equipped with air protection devices meeting BAT requirements do not contaminate the air with dust and dust-related trace elements in the amounts that could create hazard. Excessive emission of dust, including a resp i rabie fraction is still observed in the case of municipal heating plants equipped solely with mechanical dust separators (cyclones). Coke battery heating docs not pose danger due to small range of influence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
Katarzyna Stec
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Abstract

Emission or air pollutants from fluidized bed furnaces is not as well known as emission from the traditional technologies of energetic combustion of fuels, the main source of air pollution in Poland. Boilers with circulating fluidized beds (CFB), working in Poland, proved their technical, technological economical and ecological advantages, gaining good perspective for their applications in municipal, industrial and national energetic - the more so. as they may be fueled with coal, coal slime, recycled wastes and bio-fuels. To fulfil the gap in knowledge concerning properties of dust and gases emitted to the atmospheric air from such boilers, measurements. analyses and investigations of emissions from four selected CFB boilers were performed. The examined CFB boilers belonged to the Polish heat generating plants Tychy, Chorzów ELCHO, Katowice and Jaworzno Ill (Department li). Emission of dust from cach of these four CFB boilers was measured, the dust granulometrie composition was determined and hazardous substances. such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAI-ls). compounds of trace elements (including heavy metals), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibcnzofurans (PCDF), accumulated on the dust particles, were analysed. Emissions of sulphur dioxide. nitrogen dioxide. carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. The granulometrie composition of dust was determined by using a cascade impactor - this allowed avoiding errors due to dust coagulation occurring when measuring filters are used. The investigations, with their approach and methodology, are continuation of the authors' earlier investigations of emissions from combustion of coal. They present actual information on gas and dust emissions from the CBF boilers, allowing for complete evaluation of these emissions from the perspective of the environmental hazard. A synthetic result of the work is the factors for emission of total dust, PM2.5, PM I O, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, PAI-ls. YOCs, dioxins and furans from the CFB boilers, expressed in grams of emitted substance per I Mg of combusted fuel. All received results confirmed ecological advantages of combusting coal and coal slime in the CFB boilers- particularly, the low emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide as well as minimal emissions of hydrogen fluoride, dioxins and heavy metals. Also, due to application of highly efficient electro-filters, the dust emission is low. The results revealed the effect of conditions of fuel combustion on emissions of some pollutants, especially PAIis and carbon monoxide.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
Bogusław Komosiński
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Abstract

Main sources of emission of benzene and its alkylated derivatives to the atmospheric air, particularly the vehicular ones, are characterized in the paper. Growing use of fuels. especially unleaded gasoline, leads to emission of considerable amounts of these aromatic hydrocarbons. The paper presents and discusses results of determinations of the content of benzene and its alkylated derivatives in engine fuels. Also emission factors of these hydrocarbons from commonly used in Poland types of cars, both with spark- and self-ignition engines, are considered. Profiles of investigated hydrocarbons in fuels and exhaust gases were determined. Respectively compared profiles proved the motor vehicles responsible for main part of the benzene and its alkylatcd derivatives in air in the vicinity of communication arteries.
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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Żak
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The occurrence of trace elements in coal and their concentration ranges are presented. The paper describes the origin of trace elements in coal, modes of accumulation, binding with mineral and organic matter as well as their behaviour during combustion. The presence of trace elements of coal origin should be taken into consideration when evaluating harmful impact of coal-fired fewnaces due to significant concentration of fly ash from combustion in suspended dust On the basis of analytical data emission of 15 trace elements from coal combustion in Poland is presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Staisz
Anna Pasoń-Konieczyńska
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the research on particle size distribution of dust emitted from drybottom boilers burning pulverized coal. A cascade impactor separated fly-ash particles into seven size fractions with the following equivalent aerodynamic diameters: 0.38; 0.88; 1.9; 2.9; 6.3; 10.0 μm. Cumulative size-specific emission factors were determined. In order to obtain some information on the trace elements distribution in the fly-ash size-fraction concentration of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Zr, Sr, Pb, Br was determined in the samples collected. The elemental analysis was performed by Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy. Small mass loadings obtained from the cascade impactor, which are often insufficient for other analytical methods, are well within the sensitivity range of the PIXE/RBS analysis. The results of the research concerning one of the domestic power stations arc presented as an example.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Staisz
Bogusław Rajchel
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

The surface properties of particles emitted from six selected coal-fired power and heating plants in Poland have been studied in this work for the first time. Samples were collected beyond the control systems. Surface composition of the size-distributed particles was obtained by photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

The reflection of the smallest, submicron particles was also measured to calculate their specific/mass absorption. The surface layer of the emitted particles was clearly dominated by oxygen, followed by silicon and carbon. The sum of the relative concentration of these elements was between 85.1% and 91.1% for coarse particles and 71.8–93.4% for fine/submicron particles. Aluminum was typically the fourth or fifth, or at least the sixth most common element. The mass absorption of the submicron particles emitted from the studied plants ranged from 0.02 m2g-1 to 0.03 m2g-1. Only specific absorption obtained for the “Nowy Wirek” heating plant was significantly higher than in other studied plants probably because the obsolete fire grate is used in this heating plant.

The obtained results suggest that the power/heating-plant-emitted fine particles contain less carbonaceous material/elemental carbon on their surfaces than those that are typical in urban air.

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Authors and Affiliations

Józef S. Pastuszka
Jan Konieczyński
Ewa Talik
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Abstract

Granulometrie composition of dust coming from main technological nodes - i.e. from the sinter plant, blast furnace and lead refinery - of the zinc smelter in Poland was investigated. Samples of dust trapped in bag filters were collected. The sieve analysis, sediment analysis and a laser analyzer of granulomeric composition were used in investigations. Mass and particle number contributions of the dust to nine granulometrie fractions having aerodynamic diameters in intervals: 0-2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-32, 32-40, 40-63, 63-100, I 00-250 μm were determined. To determine mathematical functions describing (mass and particle number) changes in the fractional composition of each dust the results were statistically analyzed by applying the nonlinear estimation. Using of the polynomial regression provided a very good correlation between the sought functions and results of measurements. The results of measurements are presented in tables and charts. High degree of granulometrie diversity of the investigated dust samples, depending on the dust formation mechanisms, i.e. on the technology used and composition of raw materials, was noted. High share of the fine particles in the dust may be a serious hazard to human health, especially in the case of breakdown in functioning of dust collectors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Edyta Melaniuk-Wolny
Jan Konieczyński
Bogusław Komosiński
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Abstract

Knowledge on the physicochemical properties of PM emitted from industrial installations is necessary for assessing current state of ambient air and selecting proper methods for preventing suspended PM from degrading the air quality. Similar to many other industries, fast developing ceramic tile industry releases some amounts of PM to the atmosphere. Samples of PM were taken from main technological operations of three tile manufacturing installations, located in three various plants. The collected PM was examined for granular composition, morphology, phase composition and heavy metal content by using instrumental methods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
Bogusław Komosiński
Michał Żelechower
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Abstract

The aim of this research was to assess the content and composition of the pollutants emitted by domestic central heating boilers equipped with an automatic underfeed fuel delivery system for the combustion chamber. The comparative research was conducted. It concerned fuel properties, flue gas parameters, contents of dust (fl y ash) and gaseous substances polluting the air in the flue gases emitted from a domestic CH boiler burning bituminous coal, pellets from coniferous wood, cereal straw, miscanthus, and sunflower husks, coniferous tree bark, and oats and barley grain. The emission factors for dust and gaseous air pollutants were established as they are helpful to assess the contribution of such boilers in the atmospheric air pollution. When assessing the researched boiler, it was found out that despite the development in design and construction, flue gases contained fly ash with a significant EC content, which affected the air quality.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Konieczyński
Ewelina Cieślik
Bogusław Komosiński
Tomasz Konieczny
Barbara Mathews
Tomasz Rachwał
Grzegorz Rzońca

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