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Abstract

In view of the world’s recent changes in the mineral market, it is becoming increasingly important to ensure the sustainable and secure supply of raw materials, both within the European Union and in other high-developed countries. In response to this global challenge, as part of the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Program for Research & Innovation, the 36-month INTRAW project was launched in February 2015 to foster international cooperation on raw materials. The EU-funded INTRAW project was set up to map and develop new cooperation opportunities related to raw materials between the EU and other technologically advanced countries, such as: Australia, Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States. The first stage of the project was a review of conditions for the stable supply of raw materials from primary and secondary sources in selected countries: the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and Japan. The results of the work are two groups of comprehensive reports. The first of these is a broad contextual analysis of geological, environmental, political, technical -economic and social factors conducive to the effective management of mineral resources. The second group is operational reports, carried out in three thematic blocks: industry and trade, research and innovation, education. The analysis clearly shows that the basis for effective action in this area is a stable political, economic and institutional environment, which is friendly to mining and new entities wishing to invest in modern technologies, the exploration and exploitation of deposits. Investors are encouraged by tax regulations, sometimes also by direct government financial support and efficient licensing procedures. The well-defined protection of property rights, also for deposits is equally important. Selected aspects of a wide analysis of determinants of competitiveness for these countries were presented in the article below.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
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Abstract

Every social group exhibits a need to make decisions that are binding for all its members and the participation of various interest groups in decision-making today is an integral part of modern political and legal thought as well as administrative processes. Recently, increased community engagement and greater awareness of the society with regard to the possibility of influencing the development on a microregion (commune) scale have also been observed. This often translates into problems in obtaining a social license for a given project, which is particularly visible in mining activities. However, obtaining such a license requires the involvement and awareness of many stakeholder groups on which a project will have a direct impact. It should be ensured that this engagement takes place at a very early stage of a given project. In the case of mining activity, which is possible only after obtaining appropriate licenses (exploration or exploitation), this involvement takes the form of public consultation. This is due to the legal conditions presented in the following article for 3 EU countries (Poland, Austria, Sweden) and Serbia. The analysis showed that participation is mainly at the level of consultation in all countries and is an important element of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure of the mining project, which is an important stage in obtaining a mining (less frequently exploration) license. Public consultations at the stage of spatial planning are also present and have a diverse scope. However, special attention should be paid to these as they are crucial for proper mineral deposit safeguarding. Stakeholders’ awareness of planning decisions taken by local authorities can be crucial for the fast path to obtaining both formal and informal concessions, which takes the form of social license to operate (SLO).
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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimir Simić
2
Michael Tost
3
Linda Wårell
4

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  2. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Serbia
  3. Montanuniversität Leoben, Chair of Mining Engineering and Mineral Economics, Austria
  4. Luleå University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, Sweden
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Abstract

The functioning of European economies and societies requires a stable and sustainable supply of mineral resources. For 10 years now EU has been developing raw materials initiative to secure European minerals supply. In many cases, areas with known or hypothetic mineral resources, are not sufficiently valued by society and authorities, remain unprotected and face competing land uses with the risk of becoming sterilized. MINATURA 2020 project was born out of a need to develop a harmonised framework which allow a common way of identifying “mineral deposits of public importance” (MDoPI) and their safeguarding via land use planning. The project has left a useful set of guidelines and proposals how to advance on the creation of a European network of MDoPIs to avoid sterilization of “deposits worth safeguarding”.

In Poland, the need for legal protection of mineral deposits has been discussed intensively in recent years. Various proposals aimed at better system of mineral deposits safeguarding, especially those which should be recognized as of public importance, have been proposed. However, until now only a few coal deposits were recognized as strategic. Currently, the Polish National Mineral Policy is under preparation. Its overriding objective is to provide access to the necessary minerals, also in the longterm perspective. It assumes among others activities aimed at protection of mineral deposits regarding land use planning system.

Paper presents scope and general results of MINATURA2020 project, with details on MINATURA2020 methodology implementation in Poland, Project of the Polish National Mineral Policy with its objectives and key pillars, position of MDoPIs in this Project, and – finally – expected future steps related to MDoPI safeguarding in EU and in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Galos
ORCID: ORCID
Günter Tiess
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
ORCID: ORCID
Diego Murguia
Blazena Wertichová
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of the valorization of sand and gravel aggregate deposits in Poland. The study aims to identify the most valuable deposits of potentially strategic importance that require protection. Undeveloped gravel deposits (gravel content above 70%) with resources exceeding 10 million tons and sand and gravel deposits (gravel content 25–70%) with resources above 20 million tons were selected for analysis. The valorization of deposits was carried out using two multi-criteria methodologies. The first of them was proposed by Nieć and Radwanek-Bąk (2013, 2014), while the second one was developed as part of the MINATU RA 2020 project (Galos et al. 2016). They include criteria regarding a degree of geological knowledge, raw material quality and quantity, mining attractiveness, and the accessibility of deposits for future exploitation resulting from environmental and land-use conditions. Out of 4,110 undeveloped deposits that constitute the national resource base for producing sand and gravel aggregates, only 8 gravel deposits and 64 sand and gravel deposits exceeded the threshold set for the volume of resources. As a result of the valorization, it was determined that most of the analyzed deposits, which can be considered as deposits of potentially strategic importance at the regional level, have limited availability due to environmental and land-use conditions. Only one gravel deposit and 7 sand and gravel deposits have simultaneously high resource quantity and quality and favorable geological and mining, environmental, and land-use conditions. The article also presents some recommendations regarding the need to adapt the valorization criteria to the specificity of deposits recognized for sand and gravel aggregate production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kamyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The observation of trends in the demand for minerals is of fundamental importance in the long- -term assessment of prospects for economic development in Poland.
From among 148 minerals analyzed, 42 minerals are indicated as key minerals for the country’s economy, of which 22 were recognized as deficit minerals. These minerals have been the subject of this paper.
For each of these minerals the forecasts of demand by the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 have been made taking the current trends in domestic economy and premises for the development of industries that are main users of these minerals into account. The most promising prospects for growth of domestic demand – with at least a two-fold increase by 2050 – have been determined for manganese dioxide, metallic: magnesium, nickel, silicon, as well as talc and steatite, while an increase by at least 50% have been anticipated for metallic aluminum, tin, metallic manganese, and elemental phosphorus. For natural gas and crude oil growing tendencies have also been predicted, but only by 2030. On the other hand, the most probable decline in domestic demand by 2050 may be foreseen for iron ores and concentrates, bauxite, metallic tungsten, magnesite and magnesia, as well as for crude oil and natural gas, especially after 2040.
It seems inevitable that the deficit in the foreign trade of minerals will continue to deepen in the coming years. By 2030 this will mainly result from the growing importation of crude oil and natural gas, but beyond – by 2050 – further deepening in the trade deficit will be related to the growing importation of many metals as well as of some industrial minerals. After 2040, the negative trade balance can be mitigated by a possible decrease in foreign deliveries of hydrocarbons and iron ores and concentrates.
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Bibliography


Galos et al. 2020 – Galos, K., Burkowicz, A., Czerw, H., Figarska-Warchoł, B., Gałaś, A., Guzik, K., Kamyk, J., Kot- -Niewiadomska, A., Lewicka, E. and Szlugaj, J. 2020. Assessment of current and future demand of the domestic economy for mineral raw materials in the perspective of 2025, 2030. 2040 and 2050 (Ocena obecnego oraz przyszłego zapotrzebowania gospodarki krajowej na surowce w perspektywie 2025, 2030, 2040 i 2050 roku). Commissioned by the PIG-PIB (unpublished typescript in Polish).

Galos, K. and Lewicka, E. 2016. Assessment of importance of non-energy mineral raw materials for the domestic economy in the years 2005–2014 (Ocena znaczenia surowców mineralnych nieenergetycznych dla gospodarki krajowej w latach 2005–2014). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 92, pp. 7–36 (in Polish).

Galos et al. 2021 – Galos, K., Lewicka, E., Burkowicz, A., Guzik, K., Kot-Niewiadomska, A., Kamyk, J. and Szlugaj, J. 2021. Approach to identification and classification of the key, strategic and critical minerals important for the mineral security of Poland. Resources Policy 70, pp. 101900–101913.

Galos, K. and Smakowski, T. 2014. Preliminary proposal of methodology of identification of key minerals for the Polish economy (Wstępna propozycja metodyki identyfikacji surowców kluczowych dla polskiej gospodarki). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 88, pp. 59–79 (in Polish).

Galos, K. and Szamałek, K. 2011. Assessment of the non-energy minerals security of Poland (Ocena bezpieczeństwa surowcowego Polski w zakresie surowców nieenergetycznych). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 81, pp. 37–58 (in Polish).

Kulczycka et al. 2016 – Kulczycka, J., Pietrzyk-Sokulska, E., Koneczna, R., Galos, K. and Lewicka, E. 2016. Key minerals for the Polish economy (Surowce kluczowe dla polskiej gospodarki) Kraków: MERRI PAS, 164 pp. (in Polish).

Lewicka, E. and Burkowicz, A. 2018. Assessing current state of coverage the mineral raw materials demand of the domestic economy (Ocena obecnego stanu pokrycia potrzeb surowcowych gospodarki krajowej). Przegląd Geologiczny 66(3), pp. 144–152 (in Polish).

Lewicka et al. 2021 – Lewicka, E., Guzik, K. and Galos, K. 2021. On the possibilities of critical raw materials production from the EU’s primary sources. Resources 10(5), pp. 50–71.

Ministry of Climate and Environment 2021. Mineral Policy of Poland. Project from 6 April 2021 (Polityka surowcowa państwa. Projekt z 6 kwietnia 2021 r.), Warszawa (in Polish).

Nieć et al. 2014 – Nieć, M., Galos, K. and Szamałek, K. 2014. Main challenges of mineral resources policy of Poland. Resources Policy 42, pp. 93–103.

Radwanek-Bąk, B. 2016. Designation of key raw materials for the Polish economy (Określenie surowców kluczowych dla polskiej gospodarki). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 96, pp. 241–254 (in Polish).

Radwanek-Bąk et al. 2018 – Radwanek-Bąk, B., Galos, K. and Nieć, M. 2018. Key, strategic and critical minerals for the Polish economy (Surowce kluczowe, strategiczne i krytyczne dla polskiej gospodarki). Przegląd Geologiczny 66(3), pp. 153–159 (in Polish).

Smakowski et al. 2015 – Smakowski, T., Galos, K. and Lewicka, E. eds. 2015. Balance of the mineral economy of Poland and the world 2013 (Bilans gospodarki surowcami mineralnymi Polski i świata 2013). Warszawa: PIG-PIB, 1169 pp. (in Polish).

Statistics Poland (GUS). Statistics of the production and foreign trade (as well as selected data on consumption) of mineral raw materials in Poland in the years 2000–2018.

Szuflicki et al. 2021 – Szuflicki, M., Malon, A. and Tymiński, M. eds. 2021. Balance of mineral raw materials deposits in Poland as of 31 XII 2020 (Bilans zasobów złóż kopalin w Polsce wg stanu na 31 XII 2020 r.). Warszawa: PIG-PIB, 508 pp. (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Galos
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Danuta Lewicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kamyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Szlugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hubert Czerw
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Burkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This work is an attempt to determine the scale of threats to the mineral security of Poland in the area of non-energy raw materials resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In particular, it aims to identify those industries whose proper functioning may be threatened in the face of the limited supply of raw materials from three directions – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. An element of the analysis was also the indication of possible alternative sources of the supply of these raw materials. For this purpose, the directions of imports to Poland of about 140 non-energy raw materials in 2011–2020 were analyzed. As a result, about thirty raw materials were selected, the supplies of which came from, among others, at least one of the three mentioned countries. To determine the raw materials for which the disruption of supplies may have the most serious impact on the functioning of the Polish economy, the following criteria were adopted: a minimum 20% share of these countries in covering the domestic demand in 2020, and a minimum value of these imports in 2020 of 20 million PLN. These threshold conditions were met by eight raw materials: iron ores and concentrates, carbon black, potash, aluminum, ferroalloys, nickel, ball clays and refractory clays, and synthetic corundum. Among these, the need to change the directions of supplies applies to the greatest extent to iron ores and concentrates, aluminum and nickel, while in the case of non-metallic raw materials, it applies most to ball clays and refractory clays and potassium salts. These are among the most important raw materials necessary for the proper functioning of the national economy, but their shortage or disruptions in the continuity of their supplies pose a real threat to the mineral security of Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Danuta Lewicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Burkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hubert Czerw
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Figarska-Warchoł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Galos
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Gałaś
1
Katarzyna Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kamyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Szlugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

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