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Abstract

The article presents results of research on the influence of the mould material on selected mechanical properties of wax models used for production of casting in investment casting method. The main goal was to compare the strength and hardness of samples produced in various media in order to analyse the applicability of the 3D printing technology as an alternative method of producing wax injection dies. To make the wax injection dies, it was decided to use a milled steel and 3D printed inserts made using FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) / FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) technology from HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene) and ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). A semi-automatic vertical reciprocating injection moulding machine was used to produce the wax samples made of Freeman Flakes Wax Mixture – Super Pink. During injection moulding process, the mould temperature was measured each time before and after moulding with a pyrometer. Then, the samples were subjected to a static tensile test and a hardness test. It was shown that the mould material influences the strength properties of the wax samples, but not their final hardness.
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Bibliography

[1] Campbell, J. (2015). Complete casting handbook: metal casting processes, techniques and design. (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
[2] Tamta, K. & Karunakar, D.B. (2020). Development of hybrid pattern material for investment casting process: an experimental investigation on improvement in pattern characteristics. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 36(6), 744-751. DOI: 10.1080/10426914.2020.1854471.
[3] Bernat, L. & Popielarski, P. (2020). Identification of substitute thermophysical properties of gypsum mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 5-8. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131274.
[4] Guzera, J. (2010). Casting production in autoclaved gypsum moulds using investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 10(3), 307-310. (in Polish).
[5] Sarbojeet, J. (2016). Crystallization behavior of waxes. Doctoral dissertation. Utah State University, Logan, United States of America.
[6] Unknown author, Investment casting process steps (lost wax). Retrieved January 12, 2021, from http://americancastingco.com/investment-casting-process.
[7] Ruwoldt, J., Humborstad Sørland, G., Simon, S., Oschmann, H-J. & Sjoblom, J. (2019). Inhibitor-wax interactions and PPD effect on wax crystallization: New approaches for GC/MS and NMR, and comparison with DSC, CPM, and rheometry. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 177. 53-68. DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.02.046
[8] Jung, T., Kim, J-N. & Kang, S-P. (2016). Influence of polymeric additives on paraffin waxes crystallization in model oils. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering. 33(6), 1813-1822. DOI: https:://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0052-3.
[9] Simnofske, D. & Mollenhauer, K. (2017). Effect of wax crystallization on complex modulus of modified bitumen after varied temperature conditioning rates. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 236. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/236/1/012003.
[10] Edwards, R.T. (1957). Crystal Habit of Paraffin Wax. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 49(4), 750-757. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50568a042.
[11] Dantas Neto A.A., Gomes, E.A.S. & Barros Neto, E.L., Dantas, T.N.C. & Moura C.P.A.M. (2009). Determination of wax appearance temperature (WAT) in paraffin/solvent systems by photoelectric signal and viscosimetry. Brazilian Journal of Petroleum and Gas. 3(4), 149-157. ISSN: 1982- 0593.
[12] Unknown author, Freeman super pink flake wax: technical data sheet. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://www.freemanwax.com/datasheets/Injection/tdssuperpink.pdf.
[13] Unknown author, M-series-specification. Retrieved January 12, 2021, from https://support.zortrax.com/m-seriesspecification/.
[14] Clarke, E.W. (1951). Crystal Types of Pure Hydrocarbons in the Paraffin Wax Range. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. 43(11), 2526–2535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50503a037
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Kroma
1
P. Brzęk
1

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Materials Technology, Division of Foundry, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents results of a research on the possibilities of applying 3D printed casting models for small production series as alternative to traditional tooling production on automated DisaMatch mould production lines. The main task was to verify and compare the dimensions of the 3D printed models before and after moulding process. The paper discusses main advantages and disadvantages of the 3D printing methods used like FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling)/FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication), SLA (stereolitography) and DPP (Daylight Polymer Printing). Measurement of casting model outside dimension change resulting from moulding sand friction on their surface was made with the use of GOM INSPECT software on the basis of 3D scans made with ATOS TripleScan optical scanner. Hardness of 3D printed models made of ABS, Z-ULTRAT, three different photopolymer resins (from FormLab and Liquid Crystal companies) was verified. The result of the research printed models usability for the foundry industry was presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Bernat
A. Kroma
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Abstract

A significant development of the foundry industry contributes to the creation of high reliability and operational strength castings so that they meet specific standards in accordance with customers’ needs. This technology, however, is inseparably connected with casting defects in finished products. Cast products are subject to various defects which are considered acceptable or not, which is conditioned by the alloy chemical composition and strength characteristics, that is, generally – qualities to be agreed between the foundry and the customer. It is the latter that led the authors to research on designing a tool enabling the most reliable possible assessment of the emerging casting defects, which after proper consultations can be repaired and the casting – sold. The paper presents an original tool named the Open Atlas of Defects (OAD), developed for the last few years to support the evaluation of cast iron defects using Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) casting defects analysis tools (DCC card – Demerit Control Chart, Pareto-Lorenz analysis and ABC analysis). The OAD tool structure was presented as an integral part of the original system module for acquisition and data mining (A&DM) in conjunction with the possibilities of using selected tools for defect analysis support on the example of cast iron casting.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Sika
M. Rogalewicz
A. Kroma
Z. Ignaszak

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