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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1 2

  1. University of Warsaw, prof. em.
  2. Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw
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Abstract

The local aspect of aging is often ignored. However, municipalities, in particular cities will be affected by the consequences of population aging, in particular a decrease in tax revenues and an increase of expenditures on public goods demanded by the elderly. In this paper we use a static general equilibrium model to analyse the impact of aging on city’s finances. We show that an increase in the number of pensioners will raise the cost of public goods. However, an increase in the number of working elderly can alleviate the situation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Wąsowicz
Grzegorz Kula
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Abstract

In this paper results of microstructural observations for series of CuZn39Pb2 alloys produced from qualified scraps are presented. The individual alloy melts were differentiated in terms of thermal parameters of continuous casting as well as refining methods and modifications. Structural observations performed by SEM and TEM revealed formation of different types of intermetallic phases including “hard particles”. EDS results show that “hard particles” are enrich in silicon, phosphorus, iron, chromium and nickel elements. Additionally, formation of Al-Fe-Si and Al-Cr in alloy melts was observed as well. It was found that quantity and morphology of intermetallic phases strongly depends upon the chemical composition of raw materials, process parameters, modifiers and refining procedure applied during casting. It was observed that refining process results in very effective refinement of intermetallic phases, whereas modifiers, particularly carbon-based, results in formation of large particles in the microstructure.

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Authors and Affiliations

A.W. Bydałek
A. Kula
L. Błaż
K. Najman
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Abstract

This essay contains reflections on the problems of discourse that appear in analyzing written historical sources. The author refers to Krzysztof Gajewski’s book, Reprezentacje komunizmu. PRL z perspektywy badań literackich i kulturowych [The Representation of Communism: The PPR from the Perspective of Literary and Cultural Studies] (2018). The primary findings concern the necessity of taking into account the linguistic framework of the given era.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Commenting on Łukasz Bertram’s book on Polish communists, Kula appreciates Bertram’s efforts in presenting and understanding the communists and their movement. Bertram does not limit himself to presenting solely the facts; he does not judge communism, since a great deal has already been said on that topic. He analyses, or above all takes a good look at, how the communists thought and the conditioning they were subjected to. He creates a picture significantly more complex than that currently functioning in Poland, and skilfully combines the approaches of historians and sociologists. This is a connection worth supporting, and the book in question constitutes a good example of how much it can give.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski (emeritus)
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Abstract

The author reflects on the evaluation of the notion of money in history. In many situations coins and banknotes were a proof for the existence of local, independent, political power. People’s attitude toward money was quite an important matter, too; in many situations neither money nor those professionally dealing with money were appreciated socially. Numerous utopian movements disliked money. Communism was one of them. The communist economy was driven — at least in theory — by overwhelming planning rather than by the incentive of money. After the fall of communism a question arised whether all or nearly all public activity should be driven by money or whether some domains of social activity should rather be kept as public domains.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Starting from the statement that self-reflection is necessary for the development of any scientific discipline, the author of this article—a historian and sociologist—considers the characteristics of research on everyday life. What is the subject of this subdiscipline and when did such research start? What methods does it use? The author reflects on these issues, while referring to his own experience as a historian and to the book by Bogumiła Mateja-Jaworska and Marta Zawodna- -Stephan, Badania życia codziennego. Rozmowy (nie)codzienne w Polsce (2019) [Studies of Everyday Life: (Not) Everyday Conversations in Poland], in which the statements of contemporary everyday researchers are quoted. The author concludes that the beginnings of such research should be sought in the very distant past and that its material might be provided by all the creations of human culture. He also wonders if and how evidence of the modern digital age will survive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie
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Abstract

One of the most important problems of contemporary humanities is the issue of memory and the discourse around the concept of trauma. The last is the experience of two North Caucasian nations, the Ingush and the Chechens, who were deported to Kazakhstan in 1944 on Stalin’s orders. The purpose of this article is to expose the way made by Chechen and Ingush literature from an arbitrarily imposed oblivion to an attempt to dismantle the institutionalized memory of these events. Books belonging to the canon of Russian literature (e.g. the novel The Inseparable Twins (1987) by Anatoly Pristavkin or the “novel‑idyll” A Gloom is Cast Upon the Ancient Steps (2000) by Alexander Chudakov) provide merely the background to the study. The main subject of the researcher’s interest are works written by less known Chechen and Ingush authors (Said Chakhkiyev, Gabatsu Lokaev, Yusup Chakhkiyev and Issa Kodzoyev). The fiction and non‑fiction both reveal a post‑traumatic syndrome and a victim narrative. The article presents a number of examples showing how the subject of deportation appeared in literature and how psychological memory was dominated by the compulsion of memory. The author’s attention is also directed to the practices of censoring the past and using memory for current political purposes.
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Bibliography

Assmann J., Pamięć kulturowa. Pismo, zapamiętywanie i polityczna tożsamość w cywilizacjach starożytnych, tłum. A. Kryczyńska‑Pham, Warszawa 2008.

Avtorkhanov A. (Uralov A.), Narodoubiystvo v SSSR. Ubiystvo chechenskogo naroda, München 1952.

Chakhkiyev S., Zolotyye stolby, perev. G. Rusakov, Nalʹchik 1994.

Chakhkiyev Yu., Golos iz ada, perev. A. Bazorkina, Nazranʹ 2004.

Czudakow A., Zabrali nam Rosję… Powieść‑idylla, przeł. A. Czendlik, Warszawa 2016.

Gilëva E., K voprosu o dokumentalʹnosti russkoyazychnoy prozy I.A. Kodzoyeva, „Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pedagogika. Filologiya. Filosofiya” 2017, № 6.

Halbwachs M., Les Cadres sociaux de la mémoire, Paris 1925.

Isakiyeva Z., Pravovoye polozheniye chechentsev, deportirovannykh v tsentralʹnyy Kazakhstan v 1940‑e gg., „Gramota” 2016, № 6 (68), ch. 2.

Jachina G., Zulejka otwiera oczy, przeł. H. Chłystowski, Warszawa 2017.

Kadyrov pozvolil provesti traurnyye meropriyatiya v godovshchinu deportatsii, [v:] https://www.kavkaz‑uzel.eu/articles/332118/.

Kak Kadyrov 23 fevralya ustroil iz pominok prazdnik, [v:] https://www.kavkaz‑uzel.eu/articles/298148/.

Kodzoyev I., Kazakhstanskiy dnevnik, [v:] Ego zhe, Nad bezdnoy, Nazranʹ 2010.

Kodzoyev I., Obval, Nazranʹ 2010. Lokayev G., Spetspereselentsy, Groznyy 2006.

Nora P., Między pamięcią a historią: Les lieux de Memoire, „Tytuł Roboczy: Archiwum” 2009, nr 2.

Pristavkin A., Nochevala tuchka zolotaya, Moskva 2015.

Rakhayev Dzh., Analiziruya travmu: Istoriografiya deportatsii karachayevtsev i balkartsev kak forma kulʹturnoy pamyati, „Lyudi i teksty. Istoricheskiy alʹmanakh” 2014.

Ricoeur P., Pamięć, historia, zapomnienie, przeł. J. Margański, Kraków 2006.

Solzhenitsyn A., Arkhipelag GULag, t. 1, Paris 1973.

Szpociński A., Miejsca pamięci ((lieux de mémoire), „Teksty Drugie” 2008, nr 4.

Tak eto bylo. Natsionalʹnyye repressii v SSSR. 1919‑1952 gody. Khudozhestvenno-‑dokumentalʹnyy sbornik v 3‑kh tomakh, sost. S. Aliyeva, Moskva 1993.

Tochiyeva Kh., Daliyeva E., Roman „Obval” Issy Kodzoyeva. Spetsifika abrechestva v usloviyakh deportatsii, „Izvestiya chechenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta” 2007, № 1.

Zawisko T., Czeczenia: demontaż pamięci, „Nowa Europa Wschodnia” 2014, nr 1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski

Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski, Warszawa
  2. Akademia Teatralna im. Aleksandra Zelwerowicza w Warszawie
Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The history of literature and art history were not included in the programme of my historical studies (1960–1965). Naturally, all history professors would usually include something about art and literature in their lectures on “their” historical period, but not as a key element. Efforts were made to separate history and belles‑lettres (in its various manifestations). A strongly positivist vision of research and transferring its results to the general public was cultivated – which had its advantages in the face of ideological pressure on science in the People's Republic of Poland. Today, the function of both historical sources and statements on history are frequently taken on by literature, which I define very broadly: literary texts (sometimes even of clearly inferior quality), political texts, diaries and journals, journalistic reports, petitions, defence speeches, sometimes letters. Also interesting for the historian is the route these texts take to the reading or listening public, as well as their reception, sometimes their renaissance after many years. There is no need to add that with such an approach, the people who are the authors of even outstanding historical works are not necessarily those who are professional historians.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Kula
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Warszawski (emeritus)

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