The purpose of the present article is a contrastive analysis of the verbs and verbal forms expressing the spatial situation in the Pericope Adulterae from the point of view of their translations into Polish and French starting from the original Greek biblical text. The author presents the general context of the pericope, its controversial place in the Gospel of John as well as its construction and its linguistic specificities. Starting from the original text of this biblical passage, then are listed the Greek verbs which express a spatial situation and are subjected to the analysis from the point of view of their forms and their meaning. According to the Polish and French translations chosen from this evangelical episode, the author proceeds to the comparison of the proposed equivalents and presents the comments which ensue. The analysis of translations demonstrates that some of the equivalents are analogous for two or all of the three languages, and some are typical only to one of the three languages.

The author analyzes the two most common synonymous Greek prepositions ἐν and εἰς in the texts of the New Testament. She begins with a description of the basic syntactic functions of Greek prepositions, then goes on to analyze the status of two selected prepositions, pointing to the differences in their meaning and their dependence on the connectivity with specific noun cases. The last part of the text is devoted to the pre-verbal value of the prepositions under the study and the compound verbs based on them, which are combined with the verbs without prefixes, which are their basis. This starting point allows conclusions of a syntactic-semantic nature based on the use of the studied forms in the Greek New Testament texts.

The main topic of this paper deals with a general description of the notion of the class of objects, its historical draft and development in linguistic studies (generative grammar of N. Chomsky, semantic markers in the theory of J.J. Katz, J.A. Fodor, the predicate-argument structure of S. Karolak and the electronic dictionary of G. Gross). The author takes advantage of this concept in her analysis basing on object-oriented approach and the disambiguation by W. Banyś. This article demonstrates also that the disambiguation of the meaning of polysemic word pass by a correct choise of a class of objects which is the only solution to provide adequate equivalents in the target language and the condition of the effective and satisfying translation supported by computer.

The article discusses the importance of the context in the process of automatic translation. The author focuses on two major issues: the lexical database provided by the traditional dictionnaries combined with the data resulting from the analysis based on the object-oriented approach proposed by W. Banyś. A more detailed characterization of the classes of objects around the analysed verb may have the influence on sometimes very subtle differences in the translation. The conclusion is that all this kind of data and the approach adopted in the process of the disambiguation of words are useful to find adequate equivalents in the target language, which the author tries to demonstrate on the example of the French verb descendre. Automatic translation can also show that the modular structure of the approach proposed to the description of words is very specific and doesn’t allow to many possible translations of the word’s concrete use.

Research on automatic translation has recently become a very popular field of study for linguists. The process of adjusting data collected from language to meet the machine’s potential and efficiency requires the knowledge and use of an accurate and effective methodology. The linguist’s task is not only to feed data collected from traditional language dictionaries into the computer’s memory, but it is also necessary to take into consideration all the relations that hold among the elements being described, as the aim of automatic translation is to enable the system to carry out an accurate and effective translation of texts. The paper is also an attempt to show how the object oriented approach proposed by W. Banyś resolves the problem of polysemy of words in a natural language which is one of the major problems in computer assisted translation. For the computer assisted translation to be exhaustive and effective, a process of disambiguation of a polysemous word should be carried out thus enabling a correct generation of its equivalents in a target language, which is presented on the basis of the English causative verb open.

Filtering Respiratory Protective Devices (FRPD) is not typically evaluated for exposure to volatile compounds, even though they significantly affect their protective performance. Such compounds are released into the atmosphere by industrial processes and pose serious health risks in people inhaling them. The adsorbent materials currently used to prevent those risks include activated carbon (AC). Zeolites and mesoporous silica materials (MCM) are very popular among the sorption materials. Due to their physical and chemical properties, they are able to adsorb significant amounts of volatile compounds from air. The melt-blown technology was used to produce filtering nonwovens with modifiers. As a result, polymer nonwoven structures with modifiers in the form of AC, zeolite (NaP1 type), molecular sieves (SM, SM 4Å) and mesoporous silica materials (MCM-41) were produced. The use of ACs (AC1 from Zgoda and AC2 from Pleisch) and their mixtures with others modifiers allowed to obtain satisfactory sorption, protective and utility properties. The longest breakthrough time against cyclohexane (approx. 53 min) was afforded by a variant containing AC, against ammonia (approx. 12 min) for the variant with AC2 and a mixture of AC2 and MCM-41. In the case of acetone vapor satisfactory breakthrough times were found for the variants with AC2 and AC1+SM (~20–25 min.). The present work deals with scientific research to improve workers’ and society’s health and safety by pursuing a better working life, and creating a safe social environment.

Water samples were collected from irrigation ditches and drainage canals surrounding fields in southern Greater Poland. Initially, the samples were subjected to low and highspeed centrifugation and obtained pellets were used to perform biological assays. Viral identification involved biological, electron microscopic as well as molecular methods. The occurrence of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) was demonstrated in 12 of the 17 examined water sources. The molecular analysis results showed TMV and ToMV co-infections in the analysed water samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of tobamoviruses being found in environmental water in Poland.

Cell encapsulation seems to be a promising tool in tissue engineering. However, it has been shown to have several limitations in terms of long-term cell cultures due to an insufficient oxygen supply. In this study we propose the use of novel microcapsules designed for long-term cell culture consisting of an alginate shell and perfluorocarbon (PFC) core, which works as a synthetic oxygen carrier and reservoir. The influence of PFC presence in the culture as well as the size of structures on cell metabolism was evaluated during 21-day cultures in normoxia and hypoxia. We showed significant improvement in cell metabolism in groups where cells were encapsulated in hydrogel structures with a PFC core. The cells maintained a typical metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) through all 21 days of the culture, overcoming the oxygen supply shortage even in large structures (diameter ¡ 1 mm). Applying PFC in alginate matrices can improve cell metabolism and adaptation in long-term cell cultures.