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Abstract

Waste tyres are among the largest and most problematic sources of waste today, due to the large volume produced and their long-lasting decomposition and resistance to water and extreme temperatures. Since 2000 in Europe the EU Landfill Directive has forbidden the disposal of waste tyres in a landfill. Since then waste tyre derived products (TDP), including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips, and crumb rubber, have been widely used also in civil engineering applications. The baling is nowadays the best way for the product recycling of waste tyres. Waste tyre bales have considerable potential for use in road applications, particularly where their low density, permeability and ease of handling give them an advantage. Road applications include but are not limited to: embankments construction, slope stabilization and repair (landslides), road foundations over soft ground, backfill material for retaining walls and gravity retaining structures (gabion-type). Several case studies, showing the opportunities to use waste tyre bales in road construction, are presented and illustrated in the paper preceded by providing the engineering properties of waste tyre bales, used within the road structures constructed worldwide. The article also describes the first world application of abutment backfill from the tyre bales in a road bridge, realized in Poland.
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Bibliography


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[8] A. Duda, M. Kida, S. Ziembowicz, P. Koszelnik, “Application of material from used car tyres in geotechnics – an environmental impact analysis”, PeerJ 8:e9546, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9546
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[21] A. Duda, T. Siwowski, “Pressure evaluation of bridge abutment backfill made of waste tyre bales and shreds: experimental and numerical study”, Transportation Geotechnics, 24: pp. 100–366, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100366.
[22] A. Duda, T. Siwowski, “Experimental investigation and first application of lightweight abutment backfill made of used tyre bales”, Proceedings of CEE 2019. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 47: pp. 66–73, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27011-7_9
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Duda
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, Al. Powstanców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

Arch bridges are built since two thousand years at least. Structural materials changed during this time. The design methods were changed also. The biggest impact was noted with development of Finite Element Method and graphical methods of preparation of technical drawings which is strictly combined with development of computers. These processes appeared also in Polish construction industry, especially from the beginning of 90-ties XX century.

But in this paper we do not consider mentioned above problems. We would like to present development of arch bridges from construction technology point of view. This aspect of creation of bridge structures is not very often the subject-matter of analysis. For many investors, design engineers and contractors optimization of structures is most important issue. For most of them the reduction of volume (weight) of structural material is only solution. But sometimes it is not true – the construction technology gives much more efficient results.

We present below examples of realization in Poland medium and large span arch bridges – steel, concrete and hybrid structures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Siwowski
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
ORCID: ORCID
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Karwowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The state of the art in the field of composite polymer bridges in Poland is presented below. Such bridges were built from 1999. Some of them are fully composite polymer structure. Others are developed as hybrid structure. There are two kind of structures: steel girders with FRP deck and FRP girders with concrete deck. Different production methods of FRP elements were used: pultrusion and infusion. Some bridges are the result of research programs, but there are also some commercial projects. Also, the short application history of FRP bridges all over the world is presented and material properties of the construction material are given in the paper. Those materials are much more lighter than steel or concrete. Low weight of FRP materials is an advantage but also disadvantage. It is good from structural and economical point of view because the dimensions of girders, piers and foundation will be smaller. From opposite side to light structure could cause problems related to response of structure against dynamic actions. As a final result the fatigue strength and durability will be reduced. Of course, the high cost of FRP (CFRP especially) limits at the moment range of application. The presented in the paper bridge structures show that despite of mentioned above problems they are now in good conditions and their future life looks optimistic. It could be supposed that modification and/or development of FRP production technologies more better utilizing their properties will create more elegant and useful bridges.
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Bibliography


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[5] Grotte, B., Karwowski W., Mossakowski, P., Wróbel, M., Zobel, H., Żółtowski, P.: Steel, arch footbridge with composite polymer deck. „Wroclaw Bridge Days” - „Footbridges – Architecture, design, construction, research”. 29–30 November 2007, pp. 135–146.
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[7] Karwowski W., “Material - structural conditions of joints in FRP bridges”, Ph. D. thesis, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 2011.
[8] Madaj A., “Composite polymer bridges. New structural solutions of bridge girders”, Mosty 3/2015, pp. 58-60.
[9] Mossakowski P., Wróbel M., Zobel H., Żółtowski P. ,Pedestrian steel arch bridge with composite polymer deck. IV International Conference on “Current and future trends in bridge design, construction and maintenance”. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. October 2005.
[10] Mylavarapu R., Patnaik A., Puli K., R. K., “Basalt FRP: A new FRP material for infrastructure market?”, Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures, Canadian Society of Civil Engineers, Montreal, 2004.
[11] Patnaik A., “Applications of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforcement for transportation infrastructure”. Developing a Research Agenda for Transportation Infrastructure, TRB November, 2009.
[12] Pilarczyk K., “Application of composite panels InfraCore inside bridge structures”, Mosty 5/ 2019, pp. 74–75.
[13] Siwowski T., Kaleta D., Rajchel M., “Structural behaviour of an all-composite road bridge”, Composite Structures 192: pp. 555–567, 2018.
[14] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Własak L., “Experimental study on static and dynamic performance of a novel GFRP bridge girder”, Composite Structures Vol. 259, 2021.
[15] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., Kulpa M, “Design and field evaluation of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete road bridge”, Composite Structures, Vol. 230, 2019.
[16] Siwowski T., Rajchel M., “Structural performance of a hybrid FRP composite – lightweight concrete bridge girder”, Composites Part B Vol. 174, 2019.
[17] Wąchalski K., “The design of renovation and widening of the J. Piłsudskiego bridge across Vistula river in Toruń, Poland”, Mosty 1/2021, pp. 50–56, (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Siwowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
2
ORCID: ORCID
Thakaa Al-Khafaji
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Karwowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Architecture, ul. Powstancow Warszawy 12, 35-859 Rzeszow, Poland
  2. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland

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