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Abstract

This article summarizes technical aspects of preparing printable 3D anatomical models created from radiological data (CT, MRI) and discusses their usefulness in surgery of the human skull. Interdisciplinary approach to the capabilities of the 3D printers, and the materials used for manufacturing 3D objects oriented on replicating anatomical structures has created new possibilities for simulating and planning surgical procedures in clinical practice settings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The current paper is a review of the results attained in the past and current anatomical studies, aimed at understanding the variability and function of the diploic venous system of the human skull. The diploic veins can serve as transit for infections from the scalp to the structures contained within the cranial cavity via the emissary veins, due to their interconnections with the pericranial veins, meningeal veins and dural sinuses. Thereby this clinical aspect has also been discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Michał Zarzecki
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The venous plexus of Rektorzik is a network of small veins, which enlace outside the wall of the internal carotid artery while it traverses the petrous part of the temporal bone. The anatomical and clinical issues related to the communication between the plexus of Rektorzik and other cranial venous structures were discussed in this paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Grzegorz Goncerz
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The abducens nerve is characterized by a long intracranial course and complex topographical relationships. Anatomical knowledge may help to understand both the etiology and clinical symptoms of abducens nerve palsy. Typically, the single trunk of the abducens nerve travels on both sides. However, occasionally different variants of unilateral or bilateral duplications of the abducens nerve may be observed. Th e presented paper is a detailed anatomical description of bilateral duplication of the abducens nerve, with atypical appearance of the nerve in the cavernous sinus and normal distribution within the lateral rectus muscle on both sides of one cadaver. On the right side both trunks of the abducens nerve fused within the subarachnoid space and pierced the dura mater together. On the left side both trunks of the duplicated abducens nerve pierced the dura mater separately, entered the petrous apex separately and fused just below the petrosphenoidal ligament. Within the cavernous sinus the nerve divided once again into two filaments, which reunited into one trunk aft er crossing the horizontal segment of the intracavernous part of internal carotid artery. Th e orbital segments of the abducens nerve showed a typical course on both sides. Duplication of the abducens nerve is anatomical variation which should be taken into account during diagnostic and surgical procedures performed within the petroclival region and cavernous sinus.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Haładaj
Janusz Skrzat
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Abstract

Th is report provides a concise overview of the rendering and utilization of three-dimensional models in the fi eld of anatomy. Anatomical three-dimensional virtual models are widely used for educational purposes, preoperative planning, and surgical simulations because they simply allow for interactive three-dimensional navigation across the human organs or entire body. Virtual threedimensional models have been recently fabricated as accurate replicas of the anatomical structures thanks to advances in rapid prototyping technology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
Matthew J. Zdilla
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Abstract

The anatomy of the human temporal bone is complex and, therefore, poses unique challenges for students. Furthermore, temporal bones are frequently damaged from handling in educational settings due to their inherent fragility. This report details the production of a durable physical replica of the adult human temporal bone, manufactured using 3D printing technology. The physical replica was printed from a highly accurate virtual 3D model generated from CT scans of an isolated temporal bone. Both the virtual and physical 3D models accurately reproduced the surface anatomy of the temporal bone. Therefore, virtual and physical 3D models of the temporal bone can be used for educational purposes in order to supplant the use of damaged or otherwise fragile human temporal bones.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
Matthew J. Zdilla
Paweł Brzegowy
Mateusz Hołda
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Abstract

The absence of the musculocutaneous nerve represents a failure of the nerve to depart from the median nerve during early development. During a routine dissection of a 66-year-old white female cadaver, a bilateral absence of the musculocutaneous nerve was observed in the upper limbs. Muscles of the anterior flexor compartments of the arms including biceps brachii and brachialis were supplied by branches of the median nerve. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm also branched from the median nerve. In a clinical case of a particularly high median nerve injury, a variation of an absent musculocutaneous nerve may not only result in typical median nerve palsy of the forearm and hand, but palsy in the arm that would manifest as deficiencies in both shoulder and elbow flexion as well as cutaneous sensory loss from the lateral forearm.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dawn D. Hunter
1
Janusz Skrzat
2
Matthew J. Zdilla

  1. Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine (PALM), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
  2. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This study is an illustrative case of the ipsilateral ossification of the dural folds stretched between the clinoid processes found in the juvenile sphenoid bone. Thereby, occurred inconstant bony formations are termed as the interclinoid bridge and the carotico-clinoid foramen.
Both structures are of clinical meaning if surgical operations are performed in the sellar region.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Grzegorz Goncerz
1
Agnieszka Szczepanek
1
Magdalena Kozerska
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The musculocutaneous nerve (C5–C7) is a terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and provides motor innervation to the anterior compartment of arm muscles. Both the musculocutaneous and median nerve may show numerous anatomical variations. Keeping in mind possible aberrations in the course of the upper limb nerves may increase the safety and success rate of surgical procedures. The presented report is a detailed anatomical study of the fusion between the median and musculocutaneous nerve, supplemented by intraneural fascicular dissection. In the presented case, the musculocutaneous nerve was not found in its typical location in the axillary cavity and upper arm during the preliminary assessment. However, a careful intraneural fascicular dissection revealed that musculocutaneous nerve was fused with the median nerve and with its lateral root; Those nerves were surrounded by a common epineurium, however they were separable. The muscular branch to the biceps brachii muscle arose from the trunk ( fascicular bundle) dissected out from the median nerve and corresponding to the musculocutaneous nerve. Such variation may be of utmost clinical importance, especially during reconstructions of the brachial plexus or its branches.

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Authors and Affiliations

Edward Clarke
Grzegorz Wysiadecki
Robert Haładaj
Janusz Skrzat
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Abstract

This paper describes a unique case of craniosynostosis in a female skull in which sagittal sutures were completely fused by adolescence. Despite sagittal synostosis, the skull was of normal shape and size. Regarding craniometric features, the synostotic normocephalic skull was markedly different than that of scaphocephalic skulls which typically result from premature obliteration of the sagittal suture.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Matthew J. Zdilla
2
Paweł Brzegowy
3
Jerzy Walocha
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine (PALM), West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
  3. Department of Radiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The clinical issues related to the anatomical variation of the mandibular canal have been extensively analyzed since the 19th century. Evolving dentistry techniques and advancements in the prosthetics forced to collect detailed information about anatomical variations of the mandibular canal due to its neurovascular content. Therefore, its radiographic imaging became an essential part of the oral surgery, in order to avoid complications resulted from an accidental damage of the mandibular canal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
1
Wojciech Ryniewicz
2
Grzegorz Goncerz
1
Magdalena Kozerska
1

  1. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  2. Department of Prosthodontics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The objective of the study was to create a printable 3D model of the sellar region of the sphenoid bone for demonstrating anatomical variant of the osseous bridging between anterior and posterior clinoid processes. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the middle cranial fossa along with 3D printed model, allow for accurate depicting position of the interclinoid bridge with reference to other basicranial structures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Skrzat
Anna Bonczar
Tomasz Kasprzycki
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Abstract

Anatomical variations of the inferior vena cava, including the double inferior vena cava or isolated left inferior vena cava, are uncommon and of great clinical importance. Inferior vena cava variations signify predisposition to deep vein thrombosis and may complicate retroperitoneal surgeries including abdominal aortic surgery. Failure to recognize such variations may predispose a patient to life- threatening complications. This prospective anatomical study assessed 129 cadavers for variations of the inferior vena cava. One of the 129 cadavers (0.78%) possessed a double inferior vena cava and none (0%) possessed an isolated left inferior vena cava. The left-sided inferior vena cava was of a larger diameter than that of the right-sided inferior vena cava — opposite of what would be seen in a Type III duplication. Therefore, this observation expands the three-type classification system to include a Type IV duplication.

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Authors and Affiliations

Penprapa S. Klinkhachorn
Brianna K. Ritz
Samuel I. Umstot
Janusz Skrzat
Matthew J. Zdilla

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