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Number of results: 11
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Abstract

Wear resistance of TiC-cast steel metal matrix composite has been investigated. Composites were obtained with SHSB method known as

SHS synthesis during casting. It has been shown the differences in wear between composite and base cast steel. The Miller slurry

machine test were used to determine wear loss of the specimens. The slurry was composed of SiC and water. The worn surface of

specimens after test, were studied by SEM. Experimental observation has shown that surface of composite zone is not homogenous and

consist the matrix lakes. Microscopic observations revealed the long grooves with SiC particles indented in the base alloy area, and

spalling pits in the composite area. Due to the presence of TiC carbides on composite layer, specimens with TiC reinforced cast steel

exhibited higher abrasion resistance. The wear of TiC reinforced cast steel mechanism was initially by wearing of soft matrix and in

second stage by polishing and spalling of TiC. Summary weight loss after 16hr test was 0,14÷0,23 g for composite specimens and 0,90 g

for base steel

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula
T. Tokarski
E. Olejnik
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Abstract

In this study, low-carbon cast steel was reinforced with TiC by SHS-B method, also known as combustion synthesis during casting method. The composite zone was then subjected to surface remelting by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) method. The remelting operation was realized manually, at 150 A current magnitude. Microstructure, phase composition and hardness of remelted zone were investigated. XRD results reveal that the phases of the composite zone in initial state consist of TiC and Feα. Surface remelting resulted in formation of thick layers containing TiC carbides, Feα and Feγ. Microstructural examination has shown strong refinement of titanium carbides in remelted zone and complete dissolution of primary titanium carbides synthetized during casting. The average diameter of carbides was below 2 μm. The structural changes are induced by fast cooling which affects crystallization rate. The hardness (HV30) of the remelted layer was in the range between 250 HV and 425 HV, and was lower than hardness in initial state.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula
A. Kwiecień
E. Olejnik
P. Pałka
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Abstract

The effect of CaSiAl modification (43-49% Ca, 43-48% Si, 2% Al) on the non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of cast lowcarbon steel is discussed. Tests were carried out on the cast steel with 0.2% C and micro-additives of V and Nb, used mainly for heavy steel castings (e.g. slag ladles). The modifier in an amount of 1.5 and 3 kg / Mg was introduced to the liquid steel before tapping the metal into a ladle. Test ingots of Y type and a weight of 10 kg were cast and then subjected to a normalizing heat treatment. Using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the non-metallic inclusions present in as-cast samples was carried out. Additionally, tests of mechanical strength and impact strength were performed on cast steel with and without the different content of modifier. It was found that increasing the modifier addition affected impact strength but had no significant effect on tensile strength and yield strength. The material with high impact strength had the smallest area fraction of non-metallic inclusions in the microstructure (0.20%). The introduction of modifiers changed the morphology of non-metallic inclusions from dendritic to regular and nodular shapes.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Kalandyk
R. Zapała
S. Sobula
G. Tęcza
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Abstract

The results of the modification of austenitic matrix in cast high-manganese steel containing 11÷19% Mn with additions of Cr, Ni and Ti

were discussed. The introduction of carbide-forming alloying elements to this cast steel leads to the formation in matrix of stable complex

carbide phases, which effectively increase the abrasive wear resistance in a mixture of SiC and water. The starting material used in tests

was a cast Hadfield steel containing 11% Mn and 1.34% C. The results presented in the article show significant improvement in abrasive

wear resistance and hardness owing to the structure modification with additions of Cr and Ti.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Kalandyk
R. Zapała
G. Tęcza
S. Sobula
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on GX120Mn13 modification performed with the SiZr38 inoculant. The microstructure of Hadfield cast steel in as-cast condition was studied through optical microscopy before and after inoculant introduction into the liquid steel. After heat treatment, mechanical properties and wear resistance tests were conducted to analyse the influence of the inoculant. The wear rate was determined according to the Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (ASTM G-75). The results show that average grain diameter, area of eqiuaxed grains crystallization and secondary dendrite arm spacing were lower after inoculation. After inoculation, the ultimate tensile strength and proof strength were higher by 8% and 4% respectively, in comparison to the initial state. The results of abrasion wear tests show that the introduction of 0.02 wt. % of zirconium significantly improved wear resistance, which was 34% better in comparison to steel without zirconium.
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Bibliography

[1] Zambrano, O.A., Tressia, G. & Souza, R.M. (2020). Failure analysis of a crossing rail made of Hadfield steel after severe plastic deformation induced by wheel-rail interaction. Engineering Failure Analysis. 115, 104621. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104621
[2] Chen, C., Lv, B., Feng, X., Zhang, F. & Beladi, H. (2018). Strain hardening and nanocrystallization behaviors in Hadfield steel subjected to surface severe plastic deformation. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 729, 178-184. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.059.
[3] Fujikura, M. (1986). Récents développements au Japon d’aciers austénitiques au Mn destinés aux applications amagnétiques. Matériaux & Techniques. 74, 341-353. DOI: 10.1051/mattech/198674070341.
[4] Chen, C., Zhang, F.C., Wang, F., Liu, H. & Yu B.D. (2017). Efect of N+Cr alloying on the microstructures and tensile properties of Hadfield steel. Materials Science & Engineering A. 679, 95-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.106.
[5] Pribulová, A., Babic, J. & Baricová, D. (2011) Influence of Hadfield´s steel chemical composition on its mechanical properties. Chem. Listy. 105, 430-432.
[6] Kasińska, J. (2020). The Morphology of Impact Fracture Surfaces in Manganese Cast Steel Modified by Rare Earth Elements. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20, 89-94. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131308.
[7] Guzman, Fernandes, P.E. & Arruda, Santos, L. (2020). Effect of titanium and nitrogen inoculation on the microstructure, mechanical properties and abrasive wear resistance of Hadfield Steels. REM - International Engineering Journal. 73(5), 77-83. https://doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672019730023.
[8] Vdovin, K.N., Feoktistov, N.A., Gorlenko, D.A. et al. (2019). Modification of High-Manganese Steel Castings with Titanium Carbonitride. Steel Transl. 3, 147-151. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0967091219030136.
[9] Gürol, U., Karadeniz, E., Çoban, O., & Kurnaz, S.C. (2021). Casting properties of ASTM A128 Gr. E1 steel modified with Mn-alloying and titanium ladle treatment. China Foundry. 18, 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41230-021-1002-1
[10] Haakonsen, F., Solberg, J.K., Klevan, O. & Van der Eijk, C. (2011). Grain refinement of austenitic manganese steels. In AISTech - Iron and Steel Technology Conference Proceedings, 5-6 May 2011. Volume 2, 763-771, Indianapolis, USA. ISBN: 978-1-935117-19-3
[11] El-Fawkhry, M.K., Fathy, A.M., Eissa, M. & El-Faramway H. (2014). Eliminating heat treatment of hadfield steel in stress abrasion wear applications. International Journal of Metalcasting. 8, 29-36. DOI: 10.1007/BF03355569.
[12] Issagulov, A.Z., Akhmetov, A.B., Naboko, Ye.P., Kusainova, G.D. & Kuszhanova, A.A. (2016). The research of modification process of steel Hadfield integrated alloy ferroalumisilicocalcium (Fe-Al-Si-Сa/FASC). Metalurgija. 55(3), 333-336.
[13] Zykova, A., Popova, N., Kalashnikov, M. & Kurzina, I. (2017). Fine structure and phase composition of Fe–14Mn–1.2C steel: influence of a modified mixture based on refractory metals. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 24(5), 523-529. DOI: 10.1007/s12613-017-1433-2.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kraiński
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. PGO S.A. Pioma Odlewnia, Oddział w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim, ul. Romana Dmowskiego 38, 97-300 Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
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Abstract

The results of tests and examinations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast steel used for large-size slag ladles are presented. Castings of this type (especially large-size ladles with a capacity of up to 16 m3) operate under very demanding conditions resulting from the repeated cycles of filling and emptying the ladle with liquid slag at a temperature exceeding even 1600°C. The changes in operating temperature cause faster degradation and wear of slag ladle castings, mainly due to thermal fatigue.
The tests carried out on samples taken from different parts/areas of the ladle (flange, bottom and half-height) showed significant differences in the microstructure of the flange and bottom part as compared to the microstructure obtained at half-height of the ladle wall. The flange and bottom were characterized by a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure, while the microstructure at the ladle half-height consisted of a ferritic matrix, cementite and graphite precipitates. Changes in microstructure affected the mechanical properties. Based on the test results it was found that both the flange and the bottom of the ladle had higher mechanical properties, i.e. UTS, YS, hardness, and impact energy than the centre of the ladle wall. Fractography showed the mixed character of fractures with the predominance of brittle fracture. Microporosity and clusters of non-metallic inclusions were also found in the fractures of samples characterized by low properties.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
R. Zapała
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Tęcza
ORCID: ORCID
K. Piotrowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Cast Alloys and Composite Engineering, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, 23 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
  2. Krakodlew S.A., 1 Ujastek Str., 30-969 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

This article is a description of the progress of research and development in the area of massive large-scale castings - slag ladles implemented in cooperation with the Faculty of Foundry Engineering of UST in Krakow. Slag ladles are the one of the major castings that has been developed by the Krakodlew (massive castings foundry) for many years. Quality requirements are constantly increasing in relation to the slag ladles. Slag ladles are an integral tool in the logistics of enterprises in the metallurgical industry in the process of well-organized slag management and other by-products and input materials. The need to increase the volume of slag ladles is still growing. Metallurgical production is expected to be achieved in Poland by 2022 at the level of 9.4 million Mg/year for the baseline scenario - 2016 - 9 million Mg/year. This article describes the research work carried out to date in the field of technology for the production of massive slag ladles of ductile cast iron and cast steel.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Paszkiewicz
Edward Guzik
ORCID: ORCID
D. Kopyciński
ORCID: ORCID
Barbara Kalandyk
ORCID: ORCID
A. Burbelko
ORCID: ORCID
D. Gurgul
S. Sobula
ORCID: ORCID
A. Ziółko
K. Piotrowski
ORCID: ORCID
P. Bednarczyk

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