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Abstract

Among all control methods for induction motor drives, Direct Torque Control (DTC) seems to be particularly interesting being independent of machine rotor parameters and requiring no speed or position sensors. The DTC scheme is characterized by the absence of PI regulators, coordinate transformations, current regulators and PWM signals generators. In spite of its simplicity, DTC allows a good torque control in steady state and transient operating conditions to be obtained. However, the presence of hysteresis controllers for flux and torque could determine torque and current ripple and variable switching frequency operation for the voltage source inverter. This paper is aimed to analyze DTC principles, the strategies and the problems related to its implementation and the possible improvements.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Casadei
G. Serra
A. Tani
L. Zarri
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Abstract

Gallbladder mucocele (GM) is a common extrahepatic biliary disease recognized in dogs and is defined as the expansion and extension of the gallbladder by an accumulation of semi-solid bile or bile acid. Histopathological diagnosis of necrotizing cholecystitis and transmural coagulative necrosis of the gallbladder wall shows poor prognosis. Conversely, histopathological diagnosis with partial necrotic findings is often achieved. We hypothesized that histopathological partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall is the primary lesion of necrotic cholecystitis or transmural ischemic necrosis. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between histopathological necrosis/ partial necrosis findings and their clinical conditions. We retrospectively analyzed 55 dogs diagnosed with GM that had undergone cholecystectomy at the Yamaguchi University Animal Medical Center. The group with histopathological necrosis/partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall showed elevated levels of preoperative white blood cells, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, total bilirubin, and C-reactive protein compared to the non-necrotic group. Partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall may affect the progression of the disease and hematological abnormalities. Additionally, all death cases until 2 weeks were included in the histopathological necrosis/partial necrosis group. In this study, we found that poor prognosis factors were associated with partial necrosis of the gallbladder wall. Furthermore, these cases of partial necrosis showed elevated levels of blood test parameters. These results suggest that necrosis of the gallbladder wall is associated with poor prognosis and poor pathophysiological conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

H. Itoh
1
K. Igari
2
K. Tani
3
H. Sunahara
3
Y. Nemoto
3
M. Nakaichi
4
T. Iseri
4
H. Horikirizono
4
K. Itamoto
1

  1. Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
  2. Pet Clinic Hallelujah, 2544-1 Nakabaru, Kasuya, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka 811-2304, Japan
  3. Department of Veterinary Surgery, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
  4. Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi City, Yamaguchi, 753-8511, Japan

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