We wstępnej części artykułu przedstawiono stan obecnego rozpoznania geologicznego południowej części monokliny przedsudeckiej na tle waryscyjskich struktur tektonicznych środkowej Europy, z uwzględnieniem tematyki surowcowej. Z asadnicza część pracy zawiera analizę dotychczasowych materiałów geofizycznych, grawimetrycznych, magnetycznych i sejsmicznych pod kątem ustalenia i interpretacji związków korelacyjnych wyników badań, w tym między tektoniką obserwowaną na przekrojach sejsmiki płytkiej i głębokiej. Pokazano, że odpowiedni dobór zastosowanych metod stwarza szanse na efektywniejsze rozpoznanie budowy geologicznej podłoża podpermskiego obszaru. Z aproponowano pełniejsze wykorzystanie w interpretacji dynamicznych cech zapisu sejsmicznego na przytoczonym przykładzie wybranych sekcji sejsmicznych w wersji efektywnych współczynników odbicia (EWO ). W e wnioskach przedstawiono propozycję dalszych prac dla kompleksowej reinterpretacji materiałów geofizyczno-geologicznych, w celu rozpoznania utworów głębszego podłoża, z możliwością nawiązania do obszaru Niemiec.

The aim of this study was to identify thoroughly the geological structure of the Choszczno Anticline for potential CO2 storage. The paper presents the interpretation of seismic materials for a selected seismic profile reprocessed into a section of reflection coefficients characterized by increased recording resolution as compared to the wave image. Particular attention was paid to the geological complexes associated with the Jurassic reservoir formations suitable for carbon dioxide storage within the anticline. The correlation of the identified layers reflects the lithology and structure of the rock series. It allows determination of the thicknesses of the series and changes within them, and enables linking the individual layers with the lithologic units, based on geological data. The study refers to the whole Zechstein-Mesozoic succession of the Choszczno Anticline, with special emphasis on these series, in which there are potential reservoir formations for CO2 storage. The interpretation has significantly expanded the amount of data provided in standard seismic documentations. While assessing the suitability of the formations for CO2 storage, special attention should be paid to the tectonic disturbances within the Komorowo Formation, especially in the top part of the Choszczno structure. The Reed Sandstone bed is more continuous in this respect. The obtained results seem to suggest wider application of reprocessing of seismic materials into effective reflection coefficients to study the geological structure, also for other structures.

The paper presents the location, geological structure and characteristics of the Wyszogród and Dzierżanowo anticlines in terms of potential underground storage of carbon dioxide. The Dzierżanowo and Wyszogród anticlines are two of the nine pre-selected structures for underground storage of carbon dioxide in Mesozoic deposits of the Płock Trough. They were detected by seismic profiles and deep boreholes. The Dzierżanowo Anticline is explored in more detail (five boreholes) than the Wyszogród Anticline (one borehole). Lower Cretaceous and Lower Jurassic aquifers have been proposed for CO2 storage in these areas. They have similar parameters: average thickness (144 mand 161 m; 140 mand 112 m, respectively), depth to the aquifer (200-300 m, lower for the Dzierżanowo Anticline), high porosity and permeability of reservoir rocks (several hundred mD and more), high capacity storage of CO2 (much higher for the Wyszogród Anticline) and large thickness of the overburden seal. In both cases, the sealing series require further, detailed investigation of their sealing properties. No faults are observed within the reservoir rocks and overburden seal in the Wyszogród Anticline. They occur in the deeper parts of the Zechstein-Mesozoic succession up to the Lower Cretaceous in the Dzierżanowo Anticline. Due to its degree of exploration and the depth to the aquifer, and similar properties of the reservoir rocks and the sealing caprock, the Dzierżanowo structure seems more favourable for the underground storage of carbon dioxide. The Wyszogród and Dzierżanowo structures may be of interest to several large CO2 emitters in the region: Vettenfall Heat Poland SA - (Siekierki and Żerań, Warsaw) and the Dalkia Łódź ZEC SA, located at a distance of up to 100 kilometres.

The location, geological structure and characteristics of the Kamionki Anticline is presented in terms of possibility of underground CO2 storage. It is situated in the Płock Trough, in the SW part of the Płońsk Block, and represents a synsedimentary graben originated in the Early and Middle Jurassic. It has been explored by a semi-detailed reflection seismic survey and three deep boreholes (Kamionki 1, Kamionki 2 and Kamionki IG-3). Assuming that the anticline is conventionally outlined by a contour line of the top of the Lower Jurassic, its length is about 15 km, width is about 5 km and the area reaches approximately 75 km2. Geological, seismic and reservoir property data allow concluding that this structure is suitable for underground carbon dioxide storage. The primary reservoir level for underground CO2 storage is represented by Barremianmiddle Albian deposits of the Mogilno Formation with an average thickness of 170 metres, containing on the average 85% of sandstones, and showing porosity of about 20% and permeability above 100 mD up to 2000 mD. The sealing series is composed of Upper Cretaceous marls, limestones and chalk reaching the thickness of about 1000 metres. The secondary reservoir level is represented by upper Toarcian deposits of the Borucice Formation.

Nowadays, hydrogen is considered a potential successor to the current fossil-fuel-based energy. Within a few years, it will be an essential energy carrier, and an economy based on hydrogen will require appropriate hydrogen storage systems. Due to their large capacity, underground geological structures (deep aquifers, depleted hydrocarbon fields, salt caverns) are being considered for hydrogen storage. Their use for this purpose requires an understanding of geological and reservoir conditions, including an analysis of the preparation and operation of underground hydrogen storage. The results of hydrogen injection and withdrawal modeling in relation to the deep Lower Jurassic, saline aquifer of the Konary geological structure (trap) are presented in this paper. A geological model of the considered structure was built, allowable pressures were estimated, the time period of the initial hydrogen filling of the underground storage was determined and thirty cycles of underground storage operations (gas injection and withdrawal) were simulated. The simulations made it possible to determine the essential parameters affecting underground hydrogen storage operation: maximum flow rate of injected hydrogen, total capacity, working gas and cushion gas capacity. The best option for hydrogen storage is a two-year period of initial filling, using the least amount of cushion gas. Extracted water will pose a problem in relation to its disposal. The obtained results are essential for the analysis of underground hydrogen storage operations and affect the economic aspects of UHS in deep aquifers.

The rational management of underground space, especially when used for various purposes, requires a comprehensive approach to the subject. The possibility of using the same geological structures (aquifers, hydrocarbon reservoirs, and salt caverns) for the storage of CH4, H2 and CO2 may result in conflicts of interest, especially in Poland. These conflicts are related to the use of the rock mass, spatial planning, nature protection, and social acceptance.
The experience in the field of natural gas storage can be transferred to other gases. The geological and reservoir conditions are crucial when selecting geological structures for gas storage, as storage safety and the absence of undesirable geochemical and microbiological interactions with reservoir fluids and the rock matrix are essential. Economic aspects, which are associated with the storage efficiency, should also be taken into account.
The lack of regulations setting priorities of rock mass development may result in the use of the same geological structures for the storage of various gases. The introduction of appropriate provisions to the legal regulations concerning spatial development will facilitate the process of granting licenses for underground gas storage. The provisions on area based nature protection should take other methods of developing the rock mass than the exploitation of deposits into account. Failure to do so may hinder the establishment of underground storage facilities in protected areas. Knowledge of the technology and ensuring the safety of underground gas storage should translate into growing social acceptance for CO2 and H2storage.

This paper presents the results of an analysis of selected seismic profiles (reflection and refraction data) from the Radom-Lublin area aimed at obtaining a better understanding of geological structure and the identification of hydrocarbon deposits. To accurately reproduce the seismic reflection covering the sub-Permian formations, seismic cross sections were interpreted based on effective reflection coefficients (ERC). In interpreting the results, reference was made to the results of studies of the area using other geophysical methods.
The results of these studies made it possible to obtain new information on the geology and structure of the Paleozoic complex of the Radom-Lublin area and its relationships with the basement tectonics. The structural arrangement of Carboniferous and Devonian formations as well as older Silurian, Ordovician, and Cambrian series were recognized. Selected significant tectonic and lithological discontinuities and the nature and directions of their course were characterized. Special attention was given to regional tectonic zones: the Skrzynno Fault, the Ursynów-Kazimierz fault zone and the Kock zone. The use of ERC methodology made it possible to define the boundaries of lithostratigraphic units in Carboniferous, Devonian, and older formations. The obtained results can be used to assess hydrocarbon accumulation in the area under consideration.

Based on the reinterpretation of gravimetric, magnetic, seismic and magnetotelluric studies, new features of the sub-Permian basement in the area between the Dolsk Fault and the Middle Odra Fault, SW Poland, are identified. Among numerous faults and lineaments indicated in the article, those limiting both the Wolsztyn–Pogorzela High and a positive anomaly in the Lower Silesian Basin, as well as the faults in the vicinity of the Odra River are particularly prominent. N-S oriented structural elements are also visible in the gravity image. One of them separates the Pogorzela High from the Wolsztyn High. In light of the obtained results, according to refraction seismic surveys, the Polish equivalent to the Mid-German Crystalline Rise is located farther north from commonly accepted position within the Middle Odra Metamorphic Complex. The study results, supported by data from the neighboring area of Germany, may be important for further prospecting for sediment-hosted Cu and other metal deposits. The reprocessing of archival geophysical data using method of effective reflection coefficients (ERC) enabled the creation of more accurate structural model of ore series within the area of the Nowa Sól deposit in SW Poland. In terms of mineral resource prospects, this creates the possibility of applying new results from the study area to the similar zones in the corresponding part of Germany, which is the area between the phyllite zone and the Harz Mountains hosting very diverse and rich mineralization.