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The use of agro-industrial residues of coffee ( Coffea arabica) for the removal of mercury from water

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar María M. Rocha-Caicedo Isabel C. Paz-Astudillo
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 56 | 164-171 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.143757
Keywords agro-industrial residue bioadsorption encapsulation heavy metals isotherms
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Abstract

Contamination of water bodies by heavy metals is a continuously growing environmental issue. High concentrations of mercury (Hg) in river waters are a recognized environmental problem, because it is one of the most toxic heavy metal ions as it causes damage to the central nervous system. Its negative impact has led to the development of different methods for the treatment of effluents contaminated with Hg(II). The aim of this article is to evaluate the use of coffee ( Coffea arabica) residues as adsorbent of Mercury in an aqueous solution. Four kinetic models, including intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models were applied to explore the internal mechanism of mercury adsorption. Results indicate that the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models could accurately describe the adsorption process. It means that chemical adsorption play an important role in the adsorption of mercury by activated carbon. Meanwhile, the external mass transfer process is more effective in controlling the activated carbon mercury adsorption according to the fitting result of the pseudo-first-order model. The fitting to Langmuir’s model suggested that the material surface is energetically homogeneous. The technique of contaminated biomass encapsulation proved to be safe for short-term disposal when metal recovery is not desired.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
María M. Rocha-Caicedo
2
Isabel C. Paz-Astudillo
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Avenida Del Consulado 48-152, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
  2. Universidad del Tolima, Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Ibagué, Colombia

Effect of temperature in removing of anions in solution on biochar using Zea mays stalks as a precursor

Ángel Villabona-Ortiz Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 50 | 64-68 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.138161
Keywords adsorption biochar cornstalks nitrate sulfate phosphate
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Abstract

Biochar was prepared from corn ( Zea mays) stalks and impregnated with sulfuric acid. The biomass was impregnated for 24 h with a 50% solution of H2SO4 with impregnation ratios 1:2 (B 1:2) and 1:3 p/v (B 1:3); then, it was carbonized in a muffle furnace at 520°C for 30 min with a 10°C per min ramp. The adsorption capacity to remove anions (nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate) in an aqueous solution was evaluated by varying the temperature. The adsorption mechanism was studied by determining the thermodynamic parameters: Gibbs free energy (ΔGº), enthalpy (ΔHº) and entropy (ΔSº) standard. The biochars were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis and were found to exhibit a heterogeneous surface and porous nature, with C, O, S, and Si. The experiments in the batch system showed the best performance of B 1: 2 in the removal of the three anions occurred at 303 K, while B 1: 3 had the best performance at 298 K. From the thermodynamic parameters, it was found that the removal processes are endothermic, their mechanism is by chemisorption. It is concluded that synthesized biochar is an excellent alternative to removing nutrient anions present in the solution.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortiz
1
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Avenida Del Consulado 48-152, Cartagena 130014, Colombia

Natural coagulation as an alternative to raw water treatment

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Rodrigo Ortega-Toro Natalia Licona Dager Marta Millan Anibal
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 56 | 21-26 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.143740
Keywords agitation speed coagulant concentration flocculation turbid waters yam
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Abstract

The availability of drinking water is one of the several problems humans face, considering that its availability is reduced to 0.80% of the existing fresh water. Then, coagulation-flocculation is a stage of this treatment. It is a process that agglomerates the suspended particles in a larger (floc) that could be separated by sedimentation and filtration processes to make the water drinkable. So, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of the dose of coagulant of yam starch ( Dioscorea rotundata) and the speed of agitation in the turbid water treatment process. For which the yam starch was extracted by implementing two methods which were NaOH and H2O, using centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min, and adjusting the pH with HCl and NaOH 0.20 M, for later determining the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and coagulant concentration (ppm) on the percentage of turbidity removal, pH, and colour, to be compared with a synthetic coagulant. A yield of 42.60% was found in the wet base. The natural coagulants extracted with NaOH presented better turbidity removal, with a percentage of 92.48% at an agitation speed of 40 rpm and a concentration of 250 ppm. It can be concluded that natural yam coagulant can be recommended for use in the coagulation stage in the raw water treatment process for subsequent conversion to drinking water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
Natalia Licona Dager
1
Marta Millan Anibal
1
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Avenida Del Consulado 48-152, Cartagena 130014, Colombia

Comparative assessment of Al2O3-modified biomasses from agricultural residues for nickel and cadmium removal

Adriana Herrera-Barros Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Angel D. Gonzalez-Delgado
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 49 | 29-34 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.137093
Keywords adsorption agricultural residues alumina nanoparticles cellulose heavy metal ions
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Abstract

The biodiversity of aqueous environments has been affected due to the disposal of wastewater highly contaminated with heavy metal ions, causing much damage to ecosystems. These pollutants are very toxic and bioaccumulate in living organisms. This work attempts to evaluate the adsorption of nickel ad cadmium ions using three biomasses from agricultur-al residues (corn cob – CC, orange peel – OP, and oil palm bagasse – PB) modified with alumina nanoparticles. The bio-masses were characterized via compositional analysis and a point of zero charges to quantify the presence of lignin, cellu-lose, hemicellulose, and the feasible pH, taking advantage of the biomass charge. After modification with Al2O3 nanoparti-cles. The resulting adsorbents were characterized via FT-IR analysis to identify the functional groups that most contributed to the adsorption performance. Furthermore, the influence of Al2O3 nanoparticles was analysed on the adsorption capacities of the evaluated biomasses using batch systems at a temperature of 25°C and pH 6. All biomasses displayed a high content of cellulose, estimating a weight percentage of about 19.9%, 14.3%, and 13.1% for PB, OP, and CC samples, respectively. The FT-IR spectrum confirmed hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, which contribute to enhancing the adsorption capacities of the modified biomasses. Functional adsorption capacity was observed for all biomasses after modification with Al2O3 nanoparticles, achieving at pH 6.0 a cadmium removal from 92% (CC-Al2O3 and PB-Al2O3) up to 95.8±0.3% (OP-Al2O3). In nickel ions, it was estimated a broader adsorption capacity at pH 6.0 of about 86±0.4% after using the CC-Al2O3 sample, 88±0.1% for the PB-Al2O3 adsorbent, and 98±0.2% for the OP-Al2O3 sample, confirming the suitability of these Al2O3-modified biomasses for the removal of heavy metal ions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adriana Herrera-Barros
1
ORCID: ORCID
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Angel D. Gonzalez-Delgado
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado Calle 30 No. 48-152, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia

The kinetics, thermodynamics and equilibrium study of nickel and lead uptake using corn residues as adsorbent

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Angel Dario Gonzalez-Delgado
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2021 | No 48 | 197-204 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2021.136162
Keywords adsorption corn wastes heavy metals kinetics thermodynamics
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Abstract

Agricultural residues rich in lignocellulosic biomass are low-cost and sustainable adsorbents widely used in water treatment. In the present research, thermodynamics, kinetics, and equilibrium of nickel(II) and lead(II) ion biosorption were studied using a corncob (Zea mays). The experiments were performed in a batch system evaluating the effect of tempera-ture and dose of adsorbent. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study the equilibrium. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were determined using kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich). Biosorbent characteristics were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that the hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phenolic groups are the major contributors to the removal process. Besides, Pb(II) ions form micro-complexes on the surface of the biomaterial while Ni(II) ions form bonds with active centers. It was found that the highest Ni(II) removal yields were achieved at 0.02 g of adsorbent and 70°C, while the highest Pb(II) removal yields were achieved at 0.003 g and 55°C. A maximum Ni(II) adsorption capacity of 3.52 mg∙g–1 (86%) and 13.32 mg∙g–1 (94.3%) for Pb(II) was obtained in 250 and 330 min, respectively. Pseudo-first or-der and pseudo-second order models best fit experimental data, and Langmuir and Freundlich models well describe the iso-therm of the process. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH0, ΔG0, ΔS0) suggest that the adsorption process of both cations is exothermic, irreversible, and not spontaneous.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Angel Dario Gonzalez-Delgado
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado Calle 30 No. 48-152, Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia

Predictive modelling of a rapid stratified bed filter for turbidity removal from surface water

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar Ángel Villabona-Ortíz David López-Barbosa
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53 | 192-202 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140797
Keywords limestone predictive model rapid filtration sand stratified bed
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Abstract

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the hydrodynamic behaviour of a stratified bed filtration column consisting of 4 cm of sand and 2 cm of limestone to remove turbidity and measuring the head loss through the filter in several runs. In this study, two types of sand were used as filtering bed material, one fine and one medium. Crushed limestone was also available. These materials were characterized to determine the average particle diameter, porosity, and permeability coefficient. These were respectively 1.7∙10 –4 m, 336.96 and 0.68 m∙day –1 for fine sand, 3.3∙10 –4 m, 654.24 and 2.59 m∙day –1 for the medium sand and 1.26∙10–3 m, 388.8 and 8.64 m∙day–1 for crushed limestone. Using these materials, hydrodynamic analyses were carried out using clean water under rapid filtration conditions. In these analyses, different filtration rates were determined to be used in each experiment. Once the filtration rates were determined, the filtration analysis was performed with synthetic turbid water prepared at 8 NTU using tap water and bentonite. From the results obtained, a predictive model was developed based on total head losses for the evaluated filter, maintaining the rapid filtration condition. As a result, a turbidity removal efficiency of 97.7% was obtained with a total head loss of 17.8 cm at a filtration rate of 153 m·day –1. The developed model predicted head loss as a function of operating time, filtration rate, and filter depth to maximise turbidity removal. The model showed excellent prediction accuracy with R2 of 0.9999, which indicates that the model predictions are not biased. It was concluded that, due to the porosity of these materials, a stratified bed of sedimentary rocks has a great potential to be used in surface water filtration processes, which implies that it could be used at the rural community level as a form of water treatment, since the
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
David López-Barbosa
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Avenida del Consulado St. #30 No. 48 152, 130015, Cartagena, Colombia

Chrome(VI) ion biosorption modelling in a fixed bed column on Dioscorea rotundata hull

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Rodrigo Ortega Toro Keily Peña-Romero Ciro Botello-Urbiñez
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53 | 202-209 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140798
Keywords adsorbent adsorption Dose–Response model Yoon–Nelson model
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Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the yam peel in a bed column packaged as a chromium(VI) ion adsorbent in an aqueous solution. Yam peel was used as adsorbent, prior washing, drying, size reduction, and selection. The experimental work consisted in determining the effect of bed depth, particle size, and temperature, keeping inlet flow = 0.75 cm 3∙s –1, pH = 2 and initial concentration of 100 mg∙dm –3. The Adsorption Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis on yam ( Dioscorea rotundata) peel showed a heterogeneous, porous structure, with functional groups characteristic in lignocellulosic materials. It was analysed regarding the influence of temperature, bed height, and adsorbent particle size on the removal efficiency; it was found that the decrease of particle size and the increase of the bed height favour the elimination of the metallic ion, with removal rates between 92.4 and 98.3%. The bed maximum adsorption capacity was 61.75 mg∙g –1, and break time of 360 min. The break curve’s adjustment to the Thomas, Yoon–Nelson, Dose–Response and Adams–Bohart models was evaluated, concluding that the Yoon–Nelson and Dose–Response models best described the behaviour of the break curve with a coefficient of determination ( R2) of 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. The results show that the bio-adsorbent studied can be used to eliminate Cr(VI) in a continuous system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
Keily Peña-Romero
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ciro Botello-Urbiñez
1
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Food Engineering, Av. del Consulado # 30 St., No. 48 152 Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

The elimination of lead(II) ions in a solution by bio-adsorption: Kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamics

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Humberto Bonilla-Mancilla Rodrigo Ortega Toro Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Manuel Díaz-Illanes
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 53 | 118-127 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140787
Keywords bio-adsorption cattle manure heavy metals isotherm of Langmuir thermodynamic parameters
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Abstract

In the present study, the removal capacity of Pb(II) ions was investigated using the biomass of dried cattle manure in an aqueous solution. The biomaterials were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. The results reveal that the adsorption mechanism may be associated with the interaction between Pb(II) ions and functional groups through aggregation, coordination, ion exchange, microprecipitation, oxidation, and hydrophobicity. The bio-adsorption of the metal was analysed in discontinuous tests; the effect of temperature, pH, agitation, and adsorbent dose was evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity was determined at pH 7.5, 18°C and 200 rpm. The bio-adsorption of Pb(II) was best fitted to the pseudo-second order model. The experimental data of the isotherm were adjusted to the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich; while Langmuir’s model related better to the experimental data forming a single layer at saturation. The rate of adsorption was rapid, reaching equilibrium after 25 min and removal of 96.8%. Thermodynamic parameters determined that the process was viable, spontaneous, and exothermic. The present study contributes mainly to demonstrating that a biomaterial prepared from bovine manure is a promising adsorbent for heavy metals such as Pb(II). It also reduces the environmental impact of this waste through the generation of greenhouse gases in countries that maintain intensive livestock. Another important aspect is the reduction of the micro- and macronutrients accumulation in soil and contamination of surface waters and aquifers by runoff and seepage during rainy periods.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Humberto Bonilla-Mancilla
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega Toro
3
ORCID: ORCID
Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Manuel Díaz-Illanes
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Huancayo, Peru
  3. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Food Engineering, Av. del Consulado St. 30 No. 48-152, 130001, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Impact of temperature, bed height, and particle size on Ni(II) removal in a continuous system: Modelling the break curve

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz Candelaria Tejada-Tovar Rodrigo Ortega-Toro Keily Peña-Romero Ciro Botello-Urbiñez
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 52 | 257-264 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.140397
Keywords bio-sorption Dose–Response model packed bed Thomas model
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Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the shell biomass ( Dioscorea rotundata), taking into account the impact of temperature, bed height, and particle size on the removal of nickel(II) ions in aqueous solution in a continuous fixed-bed column system; performing the modelling of the break curve. The biomass was characterised by SEM-EDS analysis. The analysis found that it represents a rough, heterogeneous structure, rich in carbon and oxygen, with mesopores, and is suitable for removing heavy metals. It also determined the optimum parameters of the bed height, particle size, and temperature, keeping the pH and the initial concentration of the solution constant. The results revealed that the bed height and the particle size are the two most influential variables in the process. Ni(II) removal efficiencies range between 85.8 and 98.43%. It was found that the optimal conditions to maximise the efficiency of the process are temperature of 70°C, 1.22 mm particle size, and 124 mm bed height. The break curve was evaluated by fitting the experimental data to the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, Dose–Response, and Yoon– Nelson models, with the Dose–Response model showing the best affinity with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.9996. The results obtained in this research showed that yam shell could be suggested as an alternative for use in the removal of Ni(II) ions present in an aqueous solution in a continuous system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ángel Villabona-Ortíz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Candelaria Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
2
ORCID: ORCID
Keily Peña-Romero
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ciro Botello-Urbiñez
1
  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Chemical Engineering, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
  2. Universidad de Cartagena, Department of Food Engineering, Carrera 6, Cl. de la Universidad 36-100, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

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