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Samples prepared using various additive manufacturing methods were compared in terms of structure, texture, transformation temperature and superelastic properties. Samples manufactured using laser engineered net shaping (LENS) method showed texture several degrees deviated from the <001> build direction, however with composition near to the initial powder composition, enabling superelastic effect. The electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) samples showed martensitic structure at room temperature due to a shift of transformation temperatures to the higher range. This shift occurs due to a lower Ni content resulting from different processing conditions. However, EBAM method produced sharper <001> texture in the build direction and made it possible to obtain a good superelastic effect above room temperature. Intermetallic particles of size 0.5-2 mm were identified as Ti2Ni phase using EDS and electron diffraction analyses. This phase was often formed at the grain boundaries. Contrary to the LENS method, the EBAM prepared samples showed Ni-rich primary particles resulted from different processing conditions that reduce the Ni content in the solid solution thus increase the martensitic transformation temperature. Ageing at 500°C allowed for shifting the martensitic transformation temperatures to the higher range in both, LENS and EBAM, samples. It resulted from the formation of Ni rich coherent precipitates. In samples prepared by both methods and aged at 500°C, the presence of martensite B19’ twins was observed mainly on {011} B19’ planes.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Dutkiewicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ł. Rogal

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Węglowski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Czujko

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

T. Durejko

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

E. Cesari

4

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, PAS, 25, Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
Łukasiewicz – Institute of Welding, Błogosławionego Czesława 16-18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Military University of Technology, 2, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Gen. S. Kaliskiego Str., 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
University of Balearic Islands, Department of Physics, E07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Copper Beam Electron Alloying with Ti Powder

P.E. Smolarczyk M. Krupiński M. Węglowski Wojciech Pakieła P. Śliwiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2024 | vol. 24 | No 1 | 88-93 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2024.149255

Keywords Copper Beam electron alloying Abrasion resistance Conductivity

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Abstract

The paper presents the effect of electron beam alloying on the surface of a copper flat bar (M1Ez4) with titanium powder. Due to the quality of the surface after alloying and the obtained properties, the parameters used were given which met the assumed conditions to the greatest extent. The microstructure and mechanical properties as well as the chemical composition of surface-modified electron-beam copper show improved mechanical properties, i.e. hardness and abrasion resistance. This article uses research techniques using scanning electron microscopy and analysis of chemical composition in micro-areas (EDS). In order to examine the properties of the material after electron beam modification, hardness measurements were performed at low loads (HV0.1), abrasion resistance was tested, and conductivity was also measured. As a result of modifying the chemical and phase composition of M1E copper using an electron beam, the hardness increased by 46%, while the conductivity decreased by 16% due to the formation of intermetallic phases during solidification.

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Authors and Affiliations

P.E. Smolarczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Krupiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Węglowski

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wojciech Pakieła

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Śliwiński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Bł. Czesława 16-18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

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