Zaprezentowano wyniki badań biofiltracji modelowych strumieni gazowych zawierających toluen i p-ksylen na kolumnach wypełnionych dwoma rodzajami niemodyfikowanych kompostów. W trakcie pomiarów określono szybkość i skuteczność biofiltracji w funkcji stężenia zanieczyszczeń i szybkości strumienia gazów. Maksymalne, średnie dla górnej sekcji kolumny, wartości szybkości rozkładu zanieczyszczeń wyniosły ok. 80 g/m3/h, a dla całej kolumny 40 g/m3/h. Stwierdzono znaczne fluktuacje skuteczności i szybkości biofiltracji, przy zbliżonych, dobrze kontrolowanych parametrach pomiarów. Najbardziej prawdopodobną ich przyczyną były zmiany trudno sterowalnej wilgotności złoża.

W pracy zaprezentowano wyniki badań biofiltracji gazów odlotowych z emalierni drutów nawojowych. Gazy te zawierały ponad 50 zanieczyszczeń, w tym fenol i krezole. Biofiltrację prowadzono przy liniowej szybkości przepływu gazów 0,28 cm/s na złożu kompostowym. Uzyskano ponad 99%-ową skuteczność całego procesu. Zaobserwowano istotne zmniejszenie stężenia zanieczyszczeń już w nawilżaczu.

Podczas prac ze złoża biofiltra zainstalowanego w fabryce kabli ,,Załom" kolo Szczecina wyizolowano grzyba Fusarium so/ani zdolnego do wykorzystywania metyloizobutyloketonu (MIBK) jako jedynego źródła węgla i energii. Hodowle namnażające prowadzono w półprzepływowym układzie bazującym na płuczce napełnionej pożywką mineralną, przez którą przetłaczano z zadaną szybkością powietrze domieszkowane metyloizobutyloketonem. Celem ochrony hodowli przed zainfekowaniem na drodze strumienia powietrza zainstalowano filtr bakteryjny. Z tak wzbogaconych hodowli izolowano mikroorganizmy wykonując posiewy na płytkach Petriego zalewanych wspomnianą wyżej pożywką mineralną uzupełnioną agarem. Testy potwierdzające oraz wstępne testy kinetyki biodegradacji MIBK przez wyizolowanego Fusariurn solani wykonano w analogicznym zestawie badawczym, jak stosowany do hodowli namnażających. W czasie badań mierzono natężenie przepływu gazów oraz oznaczano stężenia metyloizobutyloketonu przed i za płuczkami metodą chromatograficzną. Na bazie tych danych obliczono sprawność i szybkości biodegradacji MIBK przez Fusarium so/ani. Maksymalna szybkości . biodegradacji wynosiła około 60 gm+h', przy obciążeniach do 200 g-m+h', a sprawność zawierała się w przedziale od 40 do 80%, malejąc w miarę wzrostu obciążenia hodowli testowana substancją.

Pojęcie równowagi stanowi punkt odniesienia do badania innych pojęć, pokrewnych i nie tylko, w szczególności pojęć efektywności i stabilności.

Among the elements that compose steel slags and blast furnace slags, metallic precipitates occur alongside the dominant glass and crystalline phases. Their main component is metallic iron, the content of which varies from about 90% to 99% in steel slags, while in blast furnace slags the presence of precipitates was identified with the proportion of metallic iron amounting to 100%. During observations using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectral microanalysis it has been found that the form of occurrence of metallic precipitates is varied. There were fine drops of metal among them, surrounded by glass, larger, single precipitates in a regular, spherical shape, and metallic aggregates filling the open spaces between the crystalline phases. Tests carried out for: slags resulting from the open-hearth process, slags that are a by-product of smelting in electric arc furnaces, blast furnace slags and waste resulting from the production of ductile cast iron showed that depending on the type of slag, the proportion and form of metallic precipitates is variable and the amount of Fe in the precipitates is also varied. Research shows that in terms of quality, steel and blast furnace slag can be a potential source of iron recovery. However, further quantitative analyses are required regarding the percentage of precipitates in the composition of slags in order to determine the viability of iron recovery. This paper is the first part of a series of publications aimed at understanding the functional properties of steel and blast furnace slags in the aspect of their destructive impact on the components of devices involved in the process of their processing, which is a significant operational problem.

This paper deals with issues related to tribological processes occurring as a result of excessive wear of the surface of scraper conveyor components caused by the impact of the mined material created during drilling of development or exploitation galleries. One of the most common types of tribological wear is abrasive wear. W ear tests were carried out for hard coal – based abrasive using dry carbon abrasive and a hydrated mixture with 76 and 58% hard coal. Based on the conducted research, it was established that the effects of wear processes are associated with damage typical of wear mechanisms: micro-scratching and micro-fatigue. For the wear variant in the presence of dry coal abrasive, individual scratches caused by the abrasive grains were observed on the surface of the samples. The main reason for this type of damage was the aggregation of quartz, which is one of the basic components of the mineral substance present in the tested hard coal. When hydrated carbon mixtures were used as an abrasive, the surface of the samples also displayed scratches characteristic of the aggregate quartz. A small part of the carbon abrasive was pressed into the scratches. Under the influence of the wear caused by friction, small depressions were also formed, where coal penetrated. The effect of coal pressing into micro-scratches is related to its plastic properties. T ests of the abrasive conducted after the conclusion of wear tests have shown that under the influence of the local increase in temperature and pressure, the hard coal contained in the abrasive can undergo transformations. In the abrasive transformed under friction, small, but measurable changes in the content of the C element in relation to the initial hard coal sample were exhibited.

This article presents the results of studies into the phase and chemical composition of blast furnace slag in the context of its reuse. In practice, blast furnace slags are widely used in the construction industry and road building as a basis for the production of, for example, cements, road binders and slag bricks. T hey are also used in the production of concrete floors, mortars, and plasters. Blast furnace slag is mainly used as a valuable material in the production of hydraulic binders, especially cement that improves the mechanical properties of concretes.
The favorable physical and mechanical properties of slags, apart from economic aspects, are undoubtedly an asset when deciding to use them instead of natural raw materials. In addition to the above, there is also the ecological aspect, since by using waste materials, the environmental interference that occurs during the opencast mining of natural aggregates is reduced. S pecifically, this means waste utilization through secondary management.
However, it should be kept in mind that it is a material which quite easily and quickly responds to environmental changes triggered by external factors; therefore, along with the determination of its physical and mechanical properties, its phase and chemical composition must be also checked.
The studies showed that the predominant component of the blast furnace slag is glass which can amount up to 80%. In its vicinity, metallic precipitate as well as crystallites of periclase, dicalcium silicates and quartz can be found. With regard to the chemical composition of the slag, it was concluded that it meets the environmental and technical requirements regarding unbound and hydraulically bound mixtures. In case of the latter, in terms of its chemical composition, the slag meets the hydraulic activity category CA3. It also meets the chemical requirements for using it as a valuable addition to mortars and concretes, and it is useful in the production of CEM II Portland-composite cement, CEM III blast-furnace cement and CEM V composite cements. The blast furnace slag is a valuable raw material for cement production. Cement CEM III/C contains 81–95% of blast furnace slag in accordance with E N 197-1:2012. In 2019, the Polish cement industry used 1,939,387.7 tons of slag.