Triceratium barbadense Greville, 1861a, T. brachiatum Brightwell, 1856, T. inconspicuum Greville, 1861b and
T. kanayae Fenner, 1984a, are among the most common diatoms reported worldwide from lower to middle Eocene
biosiliceous sediments. Due to complicated nomenclatural histories, however, they are often confused. A morphometric
analysis performed herein indicates that T. brachiatum is conspecific with T. inconspicuum, and that both
were previously often misidentified as T. barbadense. Triceratium barbadense sensu stricto is a distinct species
similar to Triceratium castellatum West, 1860. Triceratium brachiatum and T. kanayae are transferred herein
to a new genus, Fenneria, for which a close phylogenetic relationship with Medlinia Sims, 1998 is proposed.
A review of the geographic and stratigraphic distribution of Fenneria shows that the best constrained records of
its occurrences are found at DSDP Site 338, and ODP Sites 1051 and 1260. The ages of the base (B) and top (T)
of each species’ stratigraphic range are calibrated here to the Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale either directly or
inferred via correlation with dinocyst biostratigraphy. Latitudinal diachroneity of ~7 million years is documented
for F. brachiata, which disappears earlier in tropical and mid-latitude sites than in the northern high latitudes. These
observations, coupled with a preliminary compilation of the Chron C20n taxonomic composition of pelagic diatom
assemblages for Sites 338, 1051 and 1260, indicate that diatoms diversified palaeobiogeographically considerably
earlier than the Eocene−Oligocene Transition, as commonly believed. This study also emphasizes the importance
of the detailed examination of specimens from both museum collections and deep-sea cores as a step toward enhancing
the utility of Palaeogene diatoms in palaeoceanographic and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
This article supplements new material to the collection of Ruthenian lexical borrowings in Old Polish compiled by Stanisław Urbańczyk half a century ago. It also corrects some erroneous etymologies performed by this researcher.
Aortic stenosis is the most common acquired valvular heart disease. Aortic stenosis has growing prevalence in people older than 75 years and natural course of disease is characterized by high mortality rate. According to epidemiological data all patients with aortic stenosis will die after 2–5 years from the first signs of disease if not undergo aortic valve replacement. However, even 40% of patients do not have surgery because of comorbidities related to advanced age. This was the main reason why in 80- and 90-ties of XX century there were intensive attempt to developed an alternative, less invasive treatment methodology for people with aortic stenosis and comorbidities and at high surgical risk. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) was introduced by Dr Alain Cribier in February 2nd, 2002 in Rouen, France. Since that day different aortic transcatheter bioprostheses were used in many randomized clinical trials comparing their safety and effectiveness versus surgical aortic valve replacement. Gradually, it became clear that in all older patients in all risk groups TAVI was equally or even more safe and effective than surgery. Complications after TAVI are relatively rare, but some of them are life-threatening. Heart Team plays a key role in patients selection to TAVI.
The article presents the phenomenon of increasing sharing in-formations for free on the Internet and the contemporary development of gift economy in the form of a movement most often called cybercommunism. The article points out two basic attitudes in treating information. According to the first one, information should be treated as a commodity to which property rights can be attributed and which is subject to market play. This involves such issues as copyright, fees, licenses and other ways of protecting the interests of market players. The second attitude is to treat valuable information as a common good, often with a moral imperative to share it (to varying degrees Open Source and Open Acces, the idea of copyleft, DIY, P2P network, YouTube, The Pirate Bay domain etc.). Since every concept or movement proclaiming a community of goods is called communism (in a broader sense of the word, in a narrower sense it is a specific political system, e.g. the Soviet Union), today we are dealing with digital communism on the Internet. Some researchers (Firer-Blaess, Fuchs) point to Wikipedia as an example. The Internet encyclopedia operates on the basis of principles that go beyond the capitalist way of production and represent an informational-communist way of production: in the subjective dimension, it is a cooperative work and in the objective dimension, a shared ownership of the means of production. The text also presents the division of ethics into an abstract and concrete one, applied to the behaviour of network users. If someone within the framework of an abstract ethics preaches the principle of “You will not pirate.” (copying and distributing illegally) is a corresponding principle of specific ethics that says “You will not pirate unless O1 or O2...or he.” In practice, concrete ethics push many Internet users to treat Internet resources as a common good, from which everyone can draw according to their own needs. Digital communism can be treated, on the one hand, as a partially implemented idea and, on the other, as a postulate. From an axiological point of view, this postulate would be connected with the Internet implementation of equality (access to resources for everyone) and freedom (access to all information).
en
pl
