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Abstract

The dynamic analyses are of key importance in the cognitive process in terms of the correct operation of structures loaded with time alternating forces. The development of vehicle industry, which directly results in an increase in the speed of moving vehicles, forces the design of engineering structures that ensure their safe use. The authors of the paper verified the influence of speed and vehicle parameters such as mass, width of track of wheels and their number on the values of displacements and accelerations of selected bridge elements. The problem was treated as the case study, because the analyses were made for one bridge and the passage of three types of locomotives. The response of the structure depends on the technological solutions adopted in the bridge, its technical condition, as well as the quotient of the length of the object and vehicle. A new bridge structure was analyzed and dynamic tests were carried out for trainsets consisting of one and two locomotives. During the actual dynamic tests, the structure was loaded with a locomotive moving at a maximum speed of 160 km/h.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jukowski
Artur Zbiciak
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Skulski
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Abstract

The present paper focuses on the analysis of resistance of several prototypical under sleeper pads (USP) to severe environmental conditions. Taking into account the climate in Poland, evaluation of USP in regard to water and frost resistance should be performed and the influence of high temperatures should be analyzed. In the present paper results of several tests carried out on the selected USP are presented. The tests were performed in accordance with the rules given in PN-EN 16730. Concrete blocks with USP were immersed in water at room temperature for 24 h and then placed in a climatic chamber for resistance testing. The results show that the severe environmental conditions influence the damping-related parameters of USP, which affects the effectiveness of the vibration isolation. The performed analyses allowed the authors to indicate the most resistant pads that will undergo further testing. Additionally, requirements of several railway infrastructure managers as well as authors' recommendations concerning the properties of USP were given.
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Bibliography


[1] C. Jayasuriya, B. Indraratna, T. Ngoc Ngo, “Experimental study to examine the role of under sleeper pads for improved performance of ballast under cyclic loading”, Transportation Geotechnics 19: pp. 61–73, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.01.005
[2] C. Kraśkiewicz, A. Zbiciak, W. Oleksiewicz, W. Karwowski, “Static and Dynamic Parameters of Railway Tracks Retrofitted With Under Sleeper Pads”, Archives of Civil Engineering 64(4): pp. 187–201, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0070
[3] M. Sol-Sánchez, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “The use of elastic elements in railway tracks: A state of the art review”, Construction and Building Materials 75: pp. 293–305, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.027
[4] M. Sol-Sánchez, L. Pirozzolo, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “A study into the mechanical performance of different configurations for the railway track section: A laboratory approach”, Engineering Structures 119: pp. 13–23, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.04.008
[5] M. Sol-Sánchez, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, “The Use of Deconstructed Tires as Elastic Elements in Railway Tracks”, Materials 7: 5903–5919, 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085903
[6] M. Sol-Sánchez, N.H. Thom, F. Moreno-Navarro, C. Rubio-Gámez, G.D. Airey, “A study into the use of crumb rubber in railway ballast” Construction and Building Materials 75: pp. 19–24, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.045
[7] J. Kennedy, P.K. Woodward, G. Medero, M. Banimahd, “Reducing railway track settlement using three-dimensional polyurethane polymer reinforcement of the ballast” Construction and Building Materials 44: pp. 615–625, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.002
[8] S. Kaewunruen, A. Aikawa, A.M. Remennikov, “Vibration attenuation at rail joints through under sleeper pads”. Procedia Engineering 189: pp. 193-198, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.031
[9] A. Omodaka, T. Kumakura, T. Konishi, “Maintenance reduction by the development of resilient sleepers for ballasted track with optimal under-sleeper pads”, Procedia CIRP 59: pp. 53–56, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2016.09.039
[10] T. Abadi, L. Le Pen, A. Zervos, W. Powrie, “Effect of Sleeper Interventions on Railway Track Performance”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 145(4): 04019009, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002022
[11] C. Jayasuriya, B. Indraratna, T.N. Ngo, “Experimental study to examine the role of under sleeper pads for improved performance of ballast under cyclic loading”, Transportation Geotechnics 19: pp. 61–73, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2019.01.005
[12] C. Kraśkiewicz, A. Zbiciak, A. Al Sabouni-Zawadzka, A. Piotrowski, “Experimental Research on Fatigue Strength of Prototype under Sleeper Pads Used in the Ballasted Rail Track Systems”, Archives of Civil Engineering 66(1): pp. 241–255, 2020. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131786
[13] Zbiciak, C. Kraśkiewicz, Al Sabouni-Zawadzka, J. Pełczyński, S. Dudziak, “A Novel Approach to the Analysis of Under Sleeper Pads (USP) Applied in the Ballasted Track Structures”, Materials 13(11): p. 2438, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112438
[14] IRS 70713-1: Railway Application – Track & Structure “Under Sleeper Pads (USP) - Recommendations for Use”, 1st edition 01.04.2018.
[15] PN-EN 16730:2016-08 Railway applications – track – concrete sleepers and bearers with under sleeper pads.
[16] RFI TCAR SF AR 03 007 C, Specifica tecnica di fornitura: Tappetini sotto traversa (USP), 2017.
[17] SNCF IG04013 Traverses et supports béton pour pose ballastée équipées de semelles résilientes en sous faces (ex CT IGEV 016) 14.08.2018.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The present paper describes an experimental methodology of identification of dynamic characteristics of a track structure, consisting in determination of a track decay rate (TDR) in the field tests that were conducted by the authors on the railway line section inWarsaw. The proposed methodology of measurements, parameters determination and presentation of the results is based on the measurement methods described in EN 15461 [1], which are aimed at determination of TDR. The values of TDR determined in the impulse tests in one-third octave bands are compared with the limiting values specified in EN ISO 3095 [2] and Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) [3]. Based on the obtained experimental data, the analysed railway line is classified as a structure that does not generate excessive level of rolling noise from the vibrations induced by the moving rolling stock on structural elements of the track – particularly on rails. The results obtained in this study are promising from the point of view of future development of effective solutions used for protection of people and environment against noise generated by the railway traffic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Mossakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Resilient under sleeper pads (USPs) are vibration isolators used in the ballasted track structure to improve the dynamic performance of the track, reduce vibrations and protect the ballast layer. Being permanently connected with the rail supports (sleepers or turnout bearers), the pads must exhibit a proper value of the pull-off strength, which ensures that they do not separate from the supports while being transported to the construction site or during many years of exploitation. This study focuses on the experimental determination of the pull-off strength of USPs attached to full scale prestressed concrete sleepers. Three variants are tested: two pads equipped with different anchor layers attached to the sleepers in the production plant and one pad glued to the sleeper in the laboratory. Some of the tested USPs are made of recycled styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). An important part of the work is specification of the requirements for the pull-off strength of USPs, as well as the requirements for sleepers and turnout bearers equipped with resilient pads.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraskiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Henryk Zobel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw
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Abstract

Under sleeper pads (USPs) are resilient elements used in the ballasted track structures to improve dynamic behaviour of the track, reduce vibration and protect the ballast against fast degradation. As the elements permanently connected to the sleepers or turnout bearers, the pads must have an appropriate level of pull-off strength, so that they do not separate from the rail support (here: sleeper) during their transportation to the construction site or during many years of operation. In this paper, results of pull-off tests performed on four selected USP samples are presented: three samples made of SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber) granulate and one made of polyurethane. Moreover, details of the pad’s attachment to the rail support are discussed, and the requirements for the USP properties are specified, focusing on the pull-off strength determined after the weather resistance test. It is shown that only two out of four considered USP samples fulfilled the requirements specified by the authors.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Medyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The almost unlimited possibilities of modern computational tools create the temptation to study phenomena related to the operation of engineering objects exclusively using complex numerical simulations. However, the fascination with multi-parametric complex computational models, whose solutions are obtained using iterative techniques, may result in qualitative discrepancies between reality and virtual simulations. The need to verify on real objects the conclusions obtained from numerical calculations is therefore indisputable. The enormous cost and uniqueness of large-scale test stands significantly limit the possibility of conducting tests under real conditions. The solution may be an experiment focused on testing features relevant to the given task, while minimising the dimensions of the objects under consideration. Such conditions led to the concept of conducting a series of field experiments to verify the effectiveness of prototype track components, which were developed using numerical simulations to reduce the noise caused by passing trains. The main aim of this study is to examine the acoustic efficiency of prototype porous concrete sound absorbing panels, in relation to the ballasted and ballastless track structures. Presented results of the proposed unconventional experiments carried out on an improvised test stand using the recorded acoustic signals confirm the effectiveness of the developed vibroacoustic isolators.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cezary Kraśkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Grzegorz Klekot
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Książka
3
Artur Zbiciak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Mossakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Patrycja Chacińska
3
Anna Al Sabouni-Zawadzka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology
  2. Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology
  3. National Research Institute, Department of Environmental Acoustics, Institute of Environmental Protection Warsaw, Poland

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