The longitudinal automatic carrier landing system (ACLS) control law is designed based on nonlinear dynamic inversion (NDI), which can reject air wake, decouple lateral states, and track the dynamic desired touchdown point (DTP). First of all, the nonlinear landing model of F/A−18 aircraft in the final approach is established, in which the parameters of the aerodynamic, control surfaces, and limited states are acquired. Second, the strategy of tracking the desired longitudinal trajectory through pitch angle control is adopted. The automatic power compensation system (APCS), pitch angle rate, pitch angle, and vertical position control loops are developed based on the adaptive NDI. The stable analysis and the principal description are derived in detail. Deck motion compensation (DMC) algorithm is designed by frequency response method. Third, the control parameters are optimized through the genetic algorithm. A fitness function integrated with velocity, angle of attack (AOA), pitch rate, pitch angle, and vertical position of the aircraft are proposed. Finally, integrated simulations are conducted on a semi-physical simulation platform. The results indicate that the adopted automatic landing control law can achieve both excellent performance and the ability to reject the air wake and lateral coupling.
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In the paper, a design method of a static anti-windup compensator for systems with input saturations is proposed. First, an anti-windup controller is presented for system with cut-off saturations, and, secondly, the design problem of the compensator is presented to be a non-convex optimization problem easily solved using bilinear matrix inequalities formulation. This approach guarantees stability of the closed-loop system against saturation nonlinearities and optimizes the robust control performance while the saturation is active.
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This paper presents a new form of a mathematical estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for real human joint surfaces with phospholipid bilayers. In this work, the authors present the analytical and stochastic considerations, which are based on the measurements of human joint surfaces. The gap is restricted between two cooperating biological surfaces. After numerous experimental measurements, it directly follows that the random symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical increments and decrements of the gap height in human joints influence the hydrodynamic pressure, load-carrying capacity, friction forces, and wear of the cooperating cartilage surfaces in human joints. The main focus of the paper was to demonstrate the influence of variations in the expected values and standard deviation of human joint gap height on the hydrodynamic lubrication parameters occurring in the human joint. It is very important to notice that the new form of apparent dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid formulated by the authors depends on ultra-thin gap height variations. Moreover, evident connection was observed between the apparent dynamic viscosity and the properties of cartilage surface coated by phospholipid cells. The above observations indicate an indirect impact of stochastic changes in the height of the gap and the indirect impact of random changes in the properties of the joint surface coated with the phospholipid layers, on the value of hydrodynamic pressure, load carrying capacity and friction forces. In this paper the authors present a synthetic, comprehensive estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for the cooperating, rotational cartilage bio-surfaces with phospholipid bilayers occurring in human joints. The new results presented in this paper were obtained taking into account 3D variations in the dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid, particularly random variations crosswise the film thickness for non-Newtonian synovial fluid properties. According to the authors’ knowledge, the obtained results are widely applicable in spatiotemporal models in biology and health science.
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The paper presents the results of analyses concerning a new approach to approximating trajectory of mining-induced horizontal displacements. Analyses aimed at finding the most effective method of fitting data to the trajectory of mining-induced horizontal displacements. Two variants were made. In the first, the direct least square fitting (DLSF) method was applied based on the minimization of the objective function defined in the form of an algebraic distance. In the second, the effectiveness of differential-free optimization methods (DFO) was verified. As part of this study, the following methods were tested: genetic algorithms (GA), differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The data for the analysis were measurements of on the ground surface caused by the mining progressive work at face no. 698 of the German Prospel-Haniel mine. The results obtained were compared in terms of the fitting quality, the stability of the results and the time needed to carry out the calculations. Finally, it was found that the direct least square fitting (DLSF) approach is the most effective for the analyzed registration data base. In the authors’ opinion, this is dictated by the angular range in which the measurements within a given measuring point oscillated.
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The article presents an identification method of the model of the ball-and-race coal mill motor power signal with the use of machine learning techniques. The stages of preparing training data for model parameters identification purposes are described, as well as these aimed at verifying the quality of the evaluated model. In order to meet the tasks of machine learning, additive regression model was applied. Identification of the additive model parameters was performed on the basis of iterative backfitting algorithm combined with nonparametric estimation techniques. The proposed models have predictive nature and are aimed at simulation of the motor power signal of a coal mill during its regular operation, startup and shutdown. A comparative analysis has been performed of the models structured differently in terms of identification quality and sensitivity to the existence of an exemplary disturbance in the form of overhangs in the coal bunker. Tests carried out on the basis of real measuring data registered in the Polish power unit with a capacity of 200 MW confirm the effectiveness of the method.
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W. Fennig, M. Kielian, M. Lipiński, A. Bielaczyc, M. Brzozowski, S. Lasota, and P. Sarnecki, “Układ do wykrywania i ostrzegania przed zakłóceniami w swobodnym spływie strumienia paliwa stałego w przykotłowym zasobniku węgla i jego praktyczne zastosowanie na obiekcie energetycznym”, Energetyka 12, 757–760 (2014) [in Polish].
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The paper presents an analytical solution of levitation problem for conductive, dielectric and magnetically anisotropic ball. The levitation exerts either an AC or impulse magnetic field. Both the Lorentz and material electromagnetic forces (of magnetic matter) could lift the ball in a gravitational field. The electromagnetic field distribution is derived by means of variables separation method. The total force is evaluated by Maxwell stress tensor (generalized), co-energy and Lorentz methods. Additionally, power losses are calculated by means of Joule density and the Poynting vector surface integrals. High frequency asymptotic formulas for the Lorentz force and power losses are presented. All analytical solutions derived could be useful for rapid analysis and design of levitations systems. Finally, some remarks about considered levitations are formulated.
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In this work, conversion coatings based on nitrates Ca(NO 3) 2 and Zn(NO 3) 2 were produced on the surface of MgZn49Ca4 to protect against corrosion. The main aim of this study was to prepare dense and uniform coatings using a conversion method (based on nitrates Ca(NO 3) 2 and Zn(NO 3) 2) for resorbable Mg alloys. The scientific goal of the work was to determine the pathway and main degradation mechanisms of samples with nitrate-based coatings as compared with an uncoated substrate. Determining the effect of the coatings produced on the Mg alloy was required to assess the protective properties of Mg alloy-coating systems. For this purpose, the morphology and chemical composition of coated samples, post corrosion tests and structural tests of the substrate were performed (optical microscopy, SEM/EDS). Immersion and electrochemical tests of samples were also carried out in Ringer’s solution at 37°C. The results of immersion and electrochemical tests indicated lower corrosion resistance of the substrate as compared with coated samples. The hydrogen evolution rate of the substrate increased with the immersion time. For coated samples, the hydrogen evolution rate was more stable. The ZnN coating (based on Zn(NO 3) 2) provides better corrosion protection because the corrosion product layer was uniform, while the sample with a CaN coating (based on Ca(NO 3) 2) displayed clusters of corrosion products. It was found that pitting corrosion on the substrate led to the complete disintegration and non-uniform corrosion of the coated samples, especially the CaN sample, due to the unevenly-distributed products on its surface.
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A. Milenin, M. Gzyl, T. Rec, and B. Plonka, “Computer aided design of wires extrusion from biocompatible mg-ca magnesium alloy”, Arch. Metall. Mater. 59(2), 551‒556 (2014).
F. Witte, N. Hort, C. Vogt, S. Cohen, K.U. Kainer, R. Willumeit, and F. Feyerabend, “Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion”, Curr. Opin. Solid. State Mater Sci. 12, 63‒72 (2008).
S. Kumar, D. Kumar, and J. Jain, “Surface and interface characteristics of CeO2 doped Al2O3 coating on solution treated and peak aged AZ91 Mg alloy”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 332, 511‒521 (2017).
Z.Xu, U.Eduok, and J.Szpunar, “Effect of annealing temperature on the corrosion resistance of MgO coatings on Mg alloy”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 357, 691‒697 (2019).
Y.Gao, L.Zhao, X.Yao, R.Hang, and B.Tang, “Corrosion behavior of porous ZrO2 ceramic coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 349, 434‒441 (2018).
R. Ji, M. Ma, Y. He, C. Liu, and J. Wu, “Improved corrosion resistance of Al2O3 ceramic coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy fabricated through cathode plasma electrolytic deposition combined with surface pore-sealing treatment”, Ceram. Int. 44, 15192‒15199 (2018).
P. Liu, X. Pan, W. Yang, K. Cai, and Y. Chen, “Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramic coatings fabricated on WE43 magnesium alloy by cathodic plasma electrolytic deposition”, Mater. Lett. 70, 16‒18 (2012).
J.V. Rau, I. Antoniac, M. Filipescu, C. Cotrut, and M. Dinescu, “Hydroxyapatite coatings on Mg-Ca alloy prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition: Properties and corrosion resistance in Simulated Body Fluid”, Ceram. Int. 44, 16678‒16687 (2018).
S. Jiang, S. Cai, Y. Lin, X. Bao, and G. Xu, “Effect of alkali/acid pretreatment on the topography and corrosion resistance of as-deposited CaP coating on magnesium alloys”, J. Alloys. Compd. 793, 202‒211 (2019).
J.G. Acheson, S. McKillop, P. Lemoine, A.R. Boyd, and B.J. Meenan, “Control of magnesium alloy corrosion by bioactive calcium phosphate coating: Implications for resorbable orthopaedic implants”, Materialia 6, 1‒10 (2019).
P. Shi, B. Niu, E. Shanshan, Y. Chen, and Q. Li, “Preparation and characterization of PLA coating and PLA/MAO composite coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy for improvement of corrosion resistance”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 262, 26‒32 (2015).
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L. Li, L. Cui, R. Zeng, S. Li, and M. Bobby Kannan, “Advances in functionalized polymer coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloys – A review”, Acta Biomater. 79, 23‒36 (2018).
Y. Lin, S. Cai, S. Jiang, D. Xie, and G. Xu, “Enhanced corrosion resistance and bonding strength of Mg substituted β-tricalcium phosphate/ Mg(OH)2 composite coating on magnesium alloys via one-step hydrothermal method”, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. 90, 547‒555 (2019).
H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, E. Hamzah, A.F. Ismail, M. Aziz, and A. Chami, “In vitro degradation behavior, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of TiO2-MAO/ZnHA composite coating on Mg alloy for orthopedic implants”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 334, 450‒460 (2018).
H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, A.F. Ismail, M. Aziz, Z. Hadisi, M. Omidi, and X. Chen, “Antibacterial activity and corrosion resistance of Ta2O5 thin film and electrospun PCL/MgO-Ag nanofiber coatings on biodegradable Mg alloy implants”, Ceram. Int. 45, (9), 11883‒11892 (2019).
E. Yılmaz, B. Çakıroğlu, A. Gökçe, F. Findik, and M. Özacar, “Novel hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide/collagen bioactive composite coating on Ti16Nb alloys by electrodeposition”, Mater. Sci. Eng:. C 101, 292‒305 (2019).
M. Nowak, B. Płonka, A. Kozik, M. Karaś, M. Mitka, and M. Gawlik, “Conversion coatings produced on AZ61 magnesium alloy by low-voltage process”, Arch. Metall. Mater. 61, 419‒424 (2016).
R. Zen, G. Sun, Y. Song, F. Zhang, S. Li, H. Cui, and E. Han, “Influence of solution temperature on corrosion resistance of Zn-Ca phosphate conversion coating on biomedical Mg-Li-Ca alloys”, Trans. Nonferrous. Met. Soc. China 23(11), 3293‒3299 (2013).
W. Zai, X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, H.C. Man, G. Li, and J. Lian, “Comparison of corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of magnesium phosphate (MgP), zinc phosphate (ZnP) and calcium phosphate (CaP) conversion coatings on Mg alloy”, Surf. Coat. Tech. 397, 1‒17 (2020).
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Z. Gao, X. Li, and S. Jiang, “Current status, opportunities and challenges in chemical conversion coatings for zinc”, Colloid Surface A 546, 221‒236 (2018).
J. Hofstetter, M. Becker, E. Martinelli, A.M. Weinberg, B. Mingler, H. Kilian, S. Pogatscher, P.J. Uggowitzer, and J.F. Loffler, High- Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA) Mg–Zn–Ca alloys with Excellent Biodegradation Performance, JOM 66(4), 566‒572 (2014).
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M. Liu, P. Schmutz, P.J. Uggowitzer, G. Song, and A. Atrens, “The influence of yttrium (Y) on the corrosion of Mg–Y binary alloys”, Corros. Sci. 52, 3687‒3701 (2010).
F. Qin, G. Xie, Z. Dan, S. Zhu, and I. Seki, “Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ca amorphous alloys”, Intermetallics 42, 9‒13 (2013).
A. Srinivasan, C. Blawert, Y. Huang, C.L. Mendis, K.U. Kainer, and N. Hort, “Corrosion behavior of Mg-Gd-Zn based alloys in aqueous NaCl solution”, J. Magnes. Alloys. 2, 245‒256 (2014).
J. Sunb, S. Cai, Q. Li, Z. Li, and G. Xu, “UV-irradiation induced biological activity and antibacterial activity of ZnO coated magnesium alloy”, Mater. Sci. Eng: C 114, 1‒9 (2020).
H.R. Bakhsheshi-Rad, E. Hamzah, A.F. Ismail, M. Aziz, M. Kasiri-Asgarani, and H. Ghayour, “In vitro corrosion behavior, bioactivity, and antibacterial performance of the silver-doped zinc oxide coating on magnesium alloy”, Mater. Corros. 68, 1228‒1236 (2017).
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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