This paper proposes a fair calculation approach for the cost and emission of generators. Generators also have reactive power requirements along with the active power demand to meet up the total power demand. In this paper, firstly the reactive power is calculated considering the random active power operating points on the capability curve of a generator then the cost for reactive power generation as well as emission are calculated. In order to develop the mathematical function for the reactive power cost and reactive power emission, a curve-fitting technique is applied, which gives the generalised reactive power cost and reactive power emission functions. At the end, the problem is formulated as a multiobjective problem, considering conflicting objectives such as combined active- reactive economic dispatch and combined active-reactive emission dispatch. The problem is converted from the multiobjective load dispatch problem (MOLDP) into a scalar problem, using the weighting method and the best compromised solution has been calculated using the particle swarmoptimization (PSO) technique.Afuzzy cardinal method has been applied to choose the best solution. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of developed functions the proposed method is applied on a 3 generator unit system and a 10 generator unit system, the results obtained show its validity and effectiveness.

The article presents the consequences of the introduction of EU regulation 2016/631 for power park modules (PPMs), of which wind farms are a typical example. Analysing the yearlong course of changes in the generated power, the possibility of a typical wind farm meeting the requirements for the production and absorption of reactive power was checked. It was shown that in the selected cases it was necessary to introduce additional sources of reactive power on the side of the farm’s MV.

The active distribution network (ADN) represents the future development of distribution networks, whether the islanding phenomenon occurs or not determines the control strategy adopted by the ADN. The best wavelet packet has a better time-frequency characteristic than traditional wavelet analysis in the different signal processing, because it can extract better and more information from the signal effectively. Based on wavelet packet energy and the neural network, the islanding phenomenon of the ADN can be detected. Firstly, the wavelet packet is used to decompose current and voltage signals of the public coupling point between the distributed photovoltaic (PV) system and power grid, and calculate the energy value of each decomposed frequency band. Secondly, the network is trained using the constructed energy characteristic matrix as a neural network learning sample. At last, in order to achieve the function of identification for islanding detection, lots of samples are trained in the neural network. Based on the actual circumstance of PV operation in the ADN, the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation model of the ADN is established. After the simulation, there are good output results, which show that the method has the characteristics of high identification accuracy and strong generalization ability.

Along with the increase in the use of nonlinear electronic devices, e.g. personal computers, power tools and other electrical appliances, the requirements for uninterruptible power supplies are constantly growing. This paper proposes a method and deep analysis of results viable for checking how single-phase uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) cope with nonlinear circuits under varying power loads in terms of electric energy quality.Various classes of single-phase UPS systems with different topologies were tested, for instance line-interactive and double conversion (online) single-phase UPS devices. Furthermore, measurements were carried out in view of a power source – loads were supplied both from a power grid and UPS built-in battery. Juxtaposition of the obtained results such as a THDU, THDI (Total Harmonic Distortion) percentage ratio of input/output voltage and current, a power factor and crest factor volume etc. of the tested UPS systems indicated major differences in their performance during laboratory tests.

In order to solve the problem of traditional carrier phase-shift modulation with multiple ratios or PI controllers and cumbersome tuning parameters, this paper uses improved carrier phase-shift modulation. The total turn-on number of sub-modules each bridge arm is determined by comparing the sinusoidal modulated wave with the triangular carrier, and then the control signal is generated according to the capacitance voltage sorting result and the bridge armcurrent polarity. However, this modulation method uses a sorting method that causes the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) have an excessively high switching frequency. Therefore, a sorting trigger condition that can effectively reduce the switching frequency is used. The method determines whether to reorder based on the error between the voltage average and the actual value. For the circulation problem, the double-frequency negative sequence component is extracted by rotating coordinate transformation, and it is suppressed by PI control. A 21-level MMC model was built in MATLAB/simulink to analyze the sub-module capacitor voltage fluctuation, output current, voltage distortion rate and bridge arm circulation. It is verified that the modulation method can combine the sorting algorithm and circulation suppression method at the same time, and has better voltage equalization and circulation suppression effects.

During a blackout, after the post-disaster collapse of an electric power system (EPS), units of thermal power plants should switch-over to the house load operation mode (PPW). However, regarding the dynamics of a post-disaster blackout process, many units can be in forced outage Therefore, restart of these units from the start-up sources with a self-start capability is necessary. The Transmission Network Code in force imposes periodic tests and system tests for such sources. Any system test must be preceded and followed by simulation investigations in which the possibilities: (1) to bring voltage to the started-up power plant by a starting path and (2) to activate the highest-power auxiliaries (PW) of the unit being started-up are evaluated. In the paper, chosen results of simulative investigations of the transient phenomena in the starting path from the hydroelectric power plant of Włocławek (HPP Włocławek) to the thermal power plant of P˛atnów (TPP P˛atnów), related to the system test conducted in September 2017 have been presented.

This paper presents a study on ferroresonance occurring in a high voltage 400 kV transmission grid due to energization of power transformer under no-load conditions. The system scenarios analyzed in the present paper are considered as critical for development and modernization plans as currently announced by the national grid operator in Poland. The PSCADsimulation modelwas developed and applied for several study cases of a system with double-circuit arrangement of a transmission line. It is shown that the ferroresonant oscillations can be initiated by two-phase switching operation of a line circuit breaker. The impact of the double-circuit length on the ferroresonance mode and severity is demonstrated with the use of the Poincaré map analysis and Short Time Fourier Transform. It is demon- strated that the length of the transmission line that is mutually coupled in the double-circuit arrangement has a significant impact on the ferroresonance occurrence and on its mode. As the ferroresonance can pose severe threat to the power system components due to the severe overvoltage and overcurrent oscillations, the analysis presented in this paper demonstrates the necessity of the ferroresonance analyses for any re-designed transmission system.

The paper presents an FE model of coupled electromagnetic and thermal phenomena in Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (LSPMSMs). An algorithm for solving equations of a discrete model using the FEM has been presented. On the basis of this algorithm the author’s personally developed software for the analysis of coupled electromagnetic-thermal phenomena in the LSPMS motors was elaborated. This software was used to analyze the start-up process of motors with identical stator and rotor magnetic circuits and different materials of the starting cage. The start-up process of motors with the squirrel-cage made of aluminum and copper was considered. The influence of temperature on the start-up process has been taken into account. The results of simulation tests were compared with the results of measurements.

Brushless DC motors are often used as the power sources for modern ship electric propulsion systems. Due to the electromagnetic torque ripple of the motor, the traditional control method reduces the drive performance of the motor under load changes. Aiming at the problem of the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor during a non- commutation period, this paper analysis the reasons for the torque ripple caused by pulse- width modulation (PWM), and proposes a PWM_ON_PWM method to suppress the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor. Based on the mathematical model of a DC brushless motor, this method adopts a double closed-loop control method based on fuzzy control to suppress the torque ripple of the DC brushless motor. The fuzzy control technology is integrated into the parameter tuning process of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller to effectively improve the stability of the motor control system. Under the Matlab/Simulink platform, the response performance of different PID control methods and the torque characteristics of different PWM modulation methods are simulated and compared. The results show that the fuzzy adaptive PID control method has good dynamic response performance. It is verified that the PWM_ON_PWM modulation method can effectively suppress the torque ripple of the motor during non-commutation period, improve the stability of the double closed-loop control system and meet the driving performance of the motor under different load conditions.

The problem of a closed-form accurate determination of self and mutual capacitance of conductors in air and earth is considered: the application is the complete modeling of a railway line including buried conductors. The Generalized Potential Method (GPM) is presented and analyzed with regard to conditions of validity and solution methods. The accuracy of the GPM is evaluated solving some reference cases using the Complex Image Method and a commercial Finite Element Method simulator, comparing the model results with experimental data, and including the sensitivity on soil conductivity and permittivity, distance of conductors from the air–earth interface and frequency.

The paper presents the analysis of different fault states in drive systems with multiphase induction motors. The mathematical models of a five-phase and six-phase induction motor and the MRASCC estimator have been presented and the description of the Space Vector Modulation has been shown. The Direct Field-Oriented Control (DFOC) system is analyzed. Results of the simulation and experimental studies of the Direct Field-Oriented Control systems in the fault conditions are presented. The author’s original contribution includes analysis and studies of the DFOC control method of a five-phase induction motor resistant to the motor speed sensor fault with the use of the MRASCC estimator.

With the increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), the disordered charging of a large number of EVs will have a large influence on the power grid. The problems of charging and discharging optimization management for EVs are studied in this paper. The distribution of characteristic quantities of charging behaviour such as the starting time and charging duration are analysed. The results show that charging distribution is in line with a logarithmic normal distribution. An EV charging behaviour model is established, and error calibration is carried out. The result shows that the error is within its permitted scope. The daily EV charge load is obtained by using the Latin hypercube Monte Carlo statistical method. Genetic particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to optimize the proportion of AC 1, AC 2 and DC charging equipment, and the optimal solution can not only meet the needs of users but also reduce equipment investment and the EV peak valley difference, so the effectiveness of the method is verified.

Accurate prediction of power load plays a crucial role in the power industry and provides economic operation decisions for the power operation department. Due to the unpredictability and periodicity of power load, an improved method to deal with complex nonlinear relation was adopted, and a short-term load forecasting model combining FEW (fuzzy exponential weighting) and IHS (improved harmonic search) algorithms was proposed. Firstly, the domain space was defined, the harmony memory base was initialized, and the fuzzy logic relation was identified. Then the optimal interval length was calculated using the training sample data, and local and global optimum were updated by optimization criteria and judging criteria. Finally, the optimized parameters obtained by an IHS algorithm were applied to the FEW model and the load data of the Huludao region (2013) in Northeast China in May. The accuracy of the proposed model was verified using an evaluation criterion as the fitness function. The results of error analysis show that the model can effectively predict short-term power load data and has high stability and accuracy, which provides a reference for application of short-term prediction in other industrial fields.

The aim of this article is to present the results of research aimed at confirmation whether it is possible to form an intermediate band in GaAs implantation with H+ ions. The obtained results were discussed with particular emphasis on possible applications in the photovoltaic industry. As it is commonly known, the idea of intermediate band solar cells reveals considerable potential as the most fundamental principle of the next generation of semiconductors solar cells. In progress of the research, a series of GaAs samples were subjected to poly-energy implantation of H+ ions, followed by high-temperature annealing. Tests were conducted using thermal admittance spectroscopy, under conditions of variable ambient temperature, measuring signal frequency in order to localize deep energy levels, introduced by ion implantation. Activation energy ΔE was determined for additional energy levels resulting from the implantation of H+ ions. The method of determining the activation energy value is shown in Fig. 2 and the values read from it are σ0 = 10−9 (Ω·cm)−1 for 1000/T0 = 3.75 K−1 and σ1 = 1.34 × 10−4 (Ω·cm)−1 for 1000/T1 = 2.0 K−1. As a result, we obtain ΔE ≈ 0:58 eV. It was possible to identify a single deep level in the sample of GaAs implanted with H+ ions. Subsequently, its location in the band gap was determined by estimating the value of ΔE. However, in order to confirm whether the intermediate band was actually formed, it is necessary to perform further analyses. In particular, it is necessary to implement a new analytical model, which takes into consideration the phenomena associated with the thermally activated mechanisms of carrier transport as it was described in [13]. Moreover, the influence of certain parameters of ion implantation, post-implantation treatment and testing conditions should also be considered.

The invariant properties of the stability, reachability, observability and transfer matrices of positive linear electrical circuits with integer and fractional orders are investi- gated. It is shown that the stability, reachability, observability and transfer matrix of positive linear systems are invariant under their integer and fractional orders.

Averaged models: an AC large signal, DC and AC small signals of a current-controlled buck converter are described. Only peak current mode control of a converter working in the continuous conduction mode (CCM) is considered. The model derivation differs from the typical approaches presented in the literature and doesn’t refer to the multi-loop concept of a current controlled converter. The separation of the variables method is used in the model derivation. The resulting models are presented in the form of an equation set and equivalent circuits. The calculations based on the presented models are verified by measurements and full-wave PSpice simulations.

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Matthias Jońca Isabellaque Leraczyk colloquuntur cum Petro Garnsey, professore emerito Cantabrigiensi, litterarum atque rerum gestarum scrutatore.

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Censura Oedipodis et Troadum, tragoediarum Senecae a Thoma Sapota et Ivona Słomak Polonice redditarum.

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In Gedaniensi Theatro Litoris spectari possunt Euripidis Troades a Ioanne Klata directae. Qui director omnia fecit, ut spectatoris rerum novarum cupidi benivolentiam captaret, sensumque Troadum oblitteravit multas scaenas delendo et pro eis locos ex aliis tragoediis Euripideis sumptos inducendo. Digna laude videtur sola Dorothea Kolak, quae optime Hecubae partes agat.

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Imprimitur hic clara oratio Thomae Aquinatis Creator ineffabilis, ante studium recitanda. Textui Latino subiungitur brevis paraphrasis Polonica ab Anna Komornicka facta.

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In epistulis ad Ioannem Kwapisz, nostri collegii editorum secretarium, profestrix Anna Komornicka, quae prius per multos annos fuit „Maeandri” editrix, ostendit suis successoribus maximam benivolentiam.

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Oratio in funere profestricis Annae Komornicka dicta, in qua ostenditur, quanti momenti fuerit ea clara femina in vita suorum familiarium.

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Nomina composita tractantur, quae Graeco in poemate, sub nomine Orphei de lapidibus sive Lithica tradito et, ut videtur, inter saeculum secundum et quartum post Christum natum composito, continentur. Demonstratur, quibus elementis constent, quemadmodum constructa sint, quid significent et utrum a Homero originem suam trahant an non. Concluditur, quae genera nominum compositorum in poemate plurima sint.