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Number of results: 8
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to reveal the potentially genotoxic effect of zearalenone on bovine lymphocytes by comet assay in vitro. The bovine lymphocytes were exposed to various zearalenone concetrations (50; 10; 2; 0.4 and 0.08 ppm). The viability and DNA damage of lymphocytes was monitored after 2 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. After 2 hours of zearalenone exposure, statistically significant DNA damage occurred at all tested concentrations of 0.08 ppm (12.2±1.25; p<0.05), 0.4 ppm (12.7±0.88; p<0.01), 2 ppm (12.0±0.51; p<0.01), 10 ppm (11.2±0.47; p<0.01) and at 50 ppm (14.2±0 61; p<0.001). Significantly greater DNA damage was also found after 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. The obtained results showed that zearalenone may induce DNA damage of the bovine lymphocytes.
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Bibliography


Bouaziz C, Bouslimi A, Kadri R, Zaied C, Bacha H, Abid-Essefi S (2013) The in vitro effects of zearalenone and T-2 toxins on Vero cells. Exp Toxicol Pathol 65: 497-501.
Collins AR (2004) The comet assay for DNA damage and repair. Principles, applications, and limitations. Mol Biotechnol 26: 249-261.
Gao F, Jiang LP, Chen M, Geng CY, Yang G, Ji F, Zhong LF (2013) Genotoxic effects induced by zearalenone in a human embryonic kidney cell line. Mutat Res 755: 6-10.
Jackson SP (2002) Sensing and repairing DNA double-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis 23: 687-696.
Kachlek M, Szabó-Fodor J, Blochné Bodnár Z, Horvatovich K, Kovács M (2017) Preliminary results on the interactive effects of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and fumonisin B1 on porcine lymphocytes. Acta Vet Hung 65: 340-353.
Klarić MŠ, Daraboš D, Rozgaj R, Kašuba V, Pepeljnjak S (2010) Beauvericin and ochratoxin A genotoxicity evaluated using the alkaline comet assay: single and combined genotoxic action. Arch Toxicol 84: 641-650.
Koleničová S, Holečková B, Galdíková M, Schwarzbacherová V, Drážovská M (2021) Genotoxicity testing of bovine lymphocytes exposed to epoxicon-azole using alkaline and neutral comet assay. Caryologia 11: 99-109.
Końca K, Lankoff A, Banasik A, Lisowska H, Kuszewski T, Góźdź S, Koza Z, Wojcik A (2003) A cross-platform public domain PC im-age-analysis program for the comet assay. Mutat Res 534: 15-20.
Marin DE, Taranu I, Burlacu R, Manda G, Motiu, M, Neagoe I, Dragomir C, Stancu, M, Calin L (2011) Effects of zearalenone and its deriva-tives on porcine immune response. Toxicol In Vitro 25: 1981-1988.
Reddy KE, Song J, Lee HJ, Kim M, Kim DW, Jung HJ, Kim B, Lee Y, Yu D, Kim DW, Oh YK, Lee SD (2018) Effects of high levels of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on growth performance, and hematological and immunological parameters in pigs. Toxins (Basel) 10: 114.
Szabo RT, Kovács-Weber M, Erdélyi M, Balogh K, Fazekas N, Horváth Á, Mézes M, Kovács B (2019) Comet assay study of the genotoxic effect of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in chicken hepatocytes. Biol Fut 70: 330-335.
Thapa A, Horgan KA, White B, Walls D (2021) Deoxynivalenol and zearalenone-synergistic or antagonistic agri-food chain co-contaminants? Toxins (Basel) 13: 561.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Harcarova
1
E. Conkova
2
S. Kolenicova
3
B. Holeckova
3
M. Proskovcova
2

  1. Department of Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
  2. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
  3. Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in sheep (Ovis aries) is caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. Even though sheep have been considered less sensitive to BTB than other ruminants, they have been subject to increasing numbers of tuberculosis cases and it has been suggested that they may act as a disease reservoir in some regions. Aim of the study: Following a report of tuberculous-like gross lesions (repeated cases of purulent or caseous lymphadenitis and a single case of serosal tubercles on the peritoneum) from veterinarians working in a slaughterhouse in the Małopolskie Voivodeship, southern Poland, the aim of this study was to conduct ante-mortem BTB diagnostics in three flocks with suspected BTB. The animals for testing were selected randomly from the flocks; a blood sample for interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) and a single tuberculin skin test (TST) was performed on each sheep. All TST results were negative. The IGRA result was positive in two ewes from the same flock (four and five years of age); these two sheep were tested microbiologically using Stonebrink and Löwenstein-Jensen media. No gross lesions suggesting BTB were observed, and the culture results were negative. Based on the positive IGRA results, together with its high specificity in sheep, and the potential risk to humans posed by consuming local unpasteurized dairy products, we recommend introducing serological BTB screening in sheep from this area, and subjecting the positive results to confirmation by culture.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Didkowska
1
P. Żmuda
2
B. Orłowska
1
M. Nowak
1
K. Filip-Hutsch
1
K. Cuper
1
M. Krajewska-Wędzina
3
K. Anusz
1

  1. Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
  2. University Centre of Veterinary Medicine UJUR, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30059 Kraków, Poland
  3. Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Abstract

Combined retrograde tracing and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to investigate the distribution and chemical coding of neurons in testicular (TG) and aorticoerenal (ARG) ganglia supplying the urinary bladder trigone (UBT) in juvenile male pigs (n=4, 12 kg. of body weight). Retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the wall of the bladder trigone under pentobarbital anesthesia. After three weeks all the pigs were deeply anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 4% buffered paraformaldehyde. TG and ARG, were collected and processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were investigated. The cryostat sections were examined with a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal microscope equipped with adequate filter blocks.
The TG and ARG were found to contain many FB-positive neurons projecting to the UBT (UBT-PN). The UBT-PN were distributed in both TG and ARG. The majority of them were found in the right ganglia, mostly in TG. Immunohistochemistry disclosed that the vast majority of UBT-PN were noradrenergic (TH- and/or DBH-positive). Many noradrenergic neurons contained also immunoreactivity to NPY, SOM or GAL. Most of the UBT-PN were supplied with VAChT-, or NOS- IR (immunoreactive) varicose nerve fibres.
This study has revealed a relatively large population of differently coded prevertebral neurons projecting to the porcine urinary bladder. As judged from their neurochemical organization these nerve cells constitute an important element of the complex neuro-endocrine system involved in the regulation of the porcine urogenital organ function.
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Bibliography

De Groat WC (1995) Mechanisms underlying the recovery of lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 33: 493-505.
De Groat W, Yoshimura N (2015) Anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract. Handb Clin Neurol 130: 61-108.
De Groat WC, Griffiths D, Yoshimura N (2015) Neural control of the lower urinary tract. Compr Physiol 5: 327-396.
Lepiarczyk E, Bossowska A, Skowrońska A, Majewski M (2019) A study on preganglionic connections and possible viscerofugal projec-tions from urinary bladder intramural ganglia to the caudal mesenteric ganglion in the pig. J Anat 234: 263-273.
Pidsudko Z (2013) Immunohistochemical characteristics and distribution of neurons in the intramural ganglia supplying the urinary bladder in the male pig. Pol J Vet Sci 16: 629-638.
Pidsudko Z (2014) Immunohistochemical characteristics and distribution of neurons in the paravertebral, prevertebral and pelvic ganglia sup-plying the urinary bladder in the male pig. J Mol Neurosci 52: 56-70.
Pidsudko Z, Majewski M (2004) The distribution and chemical coding of porcine urinary bladder trigone-projecting neurons located in pre-vertebral ganglia other than IMG. Pol J Vet Sci 7 (Suppl): 97-99.
Pidsudko Z, Kaleczyc J, Majewski M, Lakomy M, Scheuermann DW, Timmermans JP (2001) Differences in the distribution and chemical coding between neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion supplying the colon and rectum in the pig. Cell Tissue Res 303: 147-158.
Pidsudko Z, Listowska Z, Franke-Radowiecka A, Klimczuk M, Załȩcki M, Kaleczyc J (2019) Distribution and chemical coding of urinary bladder apex-projecting neurons in aorticorenal and testicular ganglia of the male pig. Pol J Vet Sci 22: 427-430.
Russo D, Clavenzani P, Sorteni C, Bo Minelli L, Botti M, Gazza F, Panu R, Ragionieri L, Chiocchetti R (2013) Neurochemical features of boar lumbosacral dorsal root ganglion neurons and characterization of sensory neurons innervating the urinary bladder trigone. J Comp Neurol 521: 342-366.
Yamanishi T, Chapple C, Yasuda K, and Chess-Williams R (2002) The role of M2 muscarinic receptor subtypes in mediating contraction of the pig bladder base after cyclic adenosine monophosphate elevation and/or selective M3 inactivation. J Urol 167: 397-401.
Yoshimura N, Chancellor MB (2003) Neurophysiology of lower urinary tract function and dysfunction. Rev Urol (Suppl 8): S3-S10.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Pidsudko
1
J. Godlewski
2
K. Wąsowicz
3

  1. Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary Medicine and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have recently emerged as important bacterial pathogens of both animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a combination of ten antibiotics with an inhibitor of efflux pumps (EPI), i.e. berberine (BER), against 6 strains of NTM. Our results showed that the BER potentiated the anti-mycobacterial activities of the antibiotics. Overall, our findings show the importance of BER in increasing the efficacy of antibiotics in NTM.
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Bibliography


Gaba S, Saini A, Singh G, Monga V (2021) An insight into the medicinal attributes of berberine derivatives: a review. Bioorg Med Chem 38: 116143.
Gentry EJ, Jampani HB, Keshavarz-Shokri A, Morton MD, Velde DV, Telikepalli H, Mitscher LA, Shawar R, Humble D, Baker W (1998) Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots of commercial hydrastis canadensis powder. Isolation of inactive 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, canadine, beta-hydrastine, and two new quinic acid esters, hycandinic acid esters-1 and -2. J Nat Prod 61: 1187-1193.
Guz L, Puk K (2022) Antibiotic susceptibility of mycobacteria isolated from ornamental fish. J Vet Res 66: 69-76.
Menichini M, Lari N, Rindi L (2020) Effect of efflux pump inhibitors on the susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex to clarithromycin. J Antibiot 73: 128-132.
Puk K, Guz L (2020) Occurrence of Mycobacterium spp. in ornamental fish. Ann Agric Environ Med 27: 535-539.
Song L, Wu X (2016) Development of efflux pump inhibitors in antituberculosis therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 47: 421-429.
Van Ingen J, Boeree MJ, Van Soolingen D, Mouton JW (2012) Resistance mechanisms and drug susceptibility testing of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Drug Resist Updat 15: 149-161.
Wang Y, Fu H, Li Y, Jiang J, Song D (2012) Synthesis and biological evaluation of 8-substituted berberine derivatives as novel an-ti-mycobacterial agents. Acta Pharm Sin B 2: 581-587.
Zhou XY, Ye XG, He LT, Zhang SR, Wang RL, Zhou J, He ZS (2016) In vitro characterization and inhibition of the interaction between ciprofloxacin and berberine against multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Antibiot 69: 741-746.
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Authors and Affiliations

K. Puk
1
L. Guz
1

  1. Department of Biology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin E on mouse adrenal glands in immobilization stress. Twenty-eight male, 10-week-old, BALB/C mice weighing 30-45 grams were divided into four groups. Mice were placed in a cage where no movement was allowed 6 hours/day for 7 days for immobilization stress. 10 ml/kg vitamin E was administered orogastrically 1 hour before immobilization stress in the vitamin E and stress+vitamin E group. At the end of the 7th day, all the animals were subjected to elevated-plus maze (anxiety) and forced swimming (depression) tests. Left adrenal glands were dissected for routine paraffin tissue embedding protocol. Adrenal sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Azan. Malonaldehyde (MDA) levels were also measured in the adrenal tissues. Anxiety level (0.023), depression level (p=0.042) and MDA values (p=0.01) were significantly increased in the stress group. Histological sections of the stress group showed cortical atrophy, medullary hypertrophy, vascular dilation and hemorrhage. Azan staining revealed a thinned capsule and corticomedullary fibrosis in the stress group. Pathologies induced by immobilization stress were mostly reversed after vitamin E administration. The results suggested that vitamin E alleviates adverse effects of immobilization stress (oxidative, behavioral and histopathologic changes) in mice.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Aşır
1
Y. Nergiz
1
A. Pala
1

  1. Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Abstract

Calf diarrhea continues to be the major problem of calves in the neonatal period. The effect of zeolites has been increasingly studied in ruminant health in recent years. In the present study, the efficacy of cristobalite, a zeolite, in neonatal calf diarrhea was studied first time. For this purpose, twenty-five neonatal calves with diarrheas were divided into two groups, and Group 1 (n=12) received conventional treatment and Group 2 (n=13) received cristobalite (Zoosorb 10 mg/kg) orally 3 times a day in addition to conventional treatment. Escherichia coli k99 and CS31a, bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus were isolated from fecal samples at the beginning of the treatment, on the third day and before discharge. It was determined that the recovery period in Group 2 was 0.95 (20.6%) days shorter than in Group 1 (p<0.05) while no viral agents were found on the fifth day in Group 2, viral shedding continued in 4 of 5 calves in Group 1. In conclusion, the study revealed that cristobalite speeds the recovery time and possibly decreases viral shedding in neonatal calf diarrhea, demonstrating a remarkable efficiency in the treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

U. Ozcan
1
M.G. Sezener
2
B.U. Sayilkan
1
E. Kulluk
1
A. Akman
3
H. Cetiner
1
V.E. Erguden
2
S. Yaman
2
S. Gumusova
4
A. Ciftci
2
Y. Meral
1
D. Dalgın
1

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  3. Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  4. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
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Abstract

Colistin is being used as a last-resort drug to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in humans. In veterinary medicine, colistin has been used for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. In the first study of mcr genes by multiplex PCR in healthy pigs from Serbia, we discovered mcr-1 in 4.85% out of 350 fecal samples. The presence of mcr-1 gene was detected on three farms located less than 100 km apart from each other, predominantly in piglet samples. The results point to the necessity of monitoring of colistin resistance and the mcr genes in food producing animals as well as restricting colistin usage on farms.
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Authors and Affiliations

G. Kozoderović
1
V. Lalošević
2
T. Süli
3
V. Vračar
2

  1. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Education in Sombor, Podgorička 4, 25000 Sombor, Republic of Serbia
  2. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
  3. Veterinarski zavod Subotica, Beogradski put 123, 24000 Subotica, Serbia
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Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, hemorrhagic, and devastating viral infectious disease that causes important economic losses to the swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or drugs available. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially cytosine methylation of cytosine- -phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands, have a significant impact on the life cycle of several viruses. Hence, drugs targeting DNA methylation may potentially be used for the treatment of ASF. Here, we selected the inner core, core shell, inner membrane, capsid, and external envelope membrane, to analyze the characteristics of CpG islands in the ASF virus (ASFV) genomes. Furthermore, we analyzed the promoters and CpG islands in the upstream regions of these genes. Results showed that the CpG islands of seven genes were conserved in the genomes of two genotype of ASFV strains, whereas the CpG islands of other genes were relatively conserved (ASFV strains differed mainly in the quantity of CpG islands). The different distribution of CpG islands in the genomes of different ASFV strains may affect their methylation status, which may in turn affect the regulation of viral gene expression, leading to different clinical outcomes. In addition, the predicted promoter regions based on the upstream sequences of most genes overlapped with CpG island positions. Methylation of the binding sites of the promoter regions inhibits the binding of the transcription factors to the promoters, thus inhibiting the activation of the promoters and limiting the synthesis of viral proteins. The results of this study provide a basis for exploring new antiviral therapeutic strategies from an epigenetic perspective.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y.-Y. Yu
1
M.-S. X
2
Q. Liu
1

  1. Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China
  2. Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou 404155, China

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