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The Russian-Ukrainian war versus the mineral security of Poland

Ewa Danuta Lewicka Anna Burkowicz Hubert Czerw Beata Figarska-Warchoł Krzysztof Galos Andrzej Gałaś Katarzyna Guzik Jarosław Kamyk Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska Jarosław Szlugaj

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 5-30 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142792

Keywords Russian-Ukrainian war mineral security raw materials dependence

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Abstract

This work is an attempt to determine the scale of threats to the mineral security of Poland in the area of non-energy raw materials resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In particular, it aims to identify those industries whose proper functioning may be threatened in the face of the limited supply of raw materials from three directions – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. An element of the analysis was also the indication of possible alternative sources of the supply of these raw materials. For this purpose, the directions of imports to Poland of about 140 non-energy raw materials in 2011–2020 were analyzed. As a result, about thirty raw materials were selected, the supplies of which came from, among others, at least one of the three mentioned countries. To determine the raw materials for which the disruption of supplies may have the most serious impact on the functioning of the Polish economy, the following criteria were adopted: a minimum 20% share of these countries in covering the domestic demand in 2020, and a minimum value of these imports in 2020 of 20 million PLN. These threshold conditions were met by eight raw materials: iron ores and concentrates, carbon black, potash, aluminum, ferroalloys, nickel, ball clays and refractory clays, and synthetic corundum. Among these, the need to change the directions of supplies applies to the greatest extent to iron ores and concentrates, aluminum and nickel, while in the case of non-metallic raw materials, it applies most to ball clays and refractory clays and potassium salts. These are among the most important raw materials necessary for the proper functioning of the national economy, but their shortage or disruptions in the continuity of their supplies pose a real threat to the mineral security of Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Danuta Lewicka

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ORCID:

Anna Burkowicz

1

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Hubert Czerw

1

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ORCID:

Beata Figarska-Warchoł

1

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ORCID:

Krzysztof Galos

1

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ORCID:

Andrzej Gałaś

1

Katarzyna Guzik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Kamyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Jarosław Szlugaj

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

The production capacity of hard-coal mines in terms of meeting the needs of the domestic energy sector

Marian Czesław Turek Patrycja Bąk

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 49-65 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142793

Keywords steam coal transformation forecast demand production

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Abstract

In Poland, there is a growing awareness of the need to change the sources of electricity and heat. An expression of this is the adoption of the document entitled Poland’s Energy Policy until 2040 (PEP 2040) in February 2020 by the Council of Ministers. The goal of the Polish Energy Policy until 2040 is “energy security – ensuring the competitiveness of the economy, energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of the energy sector – taking into account the optimal use of own energy resources”. In PEP 2040, the previous assumptions of the state’s long-term energy policy were amended and an increase in the use of low- or non-emission sources was declared. In addition, the energy policy guidelines contain forecasts for the production of steam coal and the demand for this raw material. Based on the provisions of the document, as well as forecasts of the coal-production volume prepared by the authors and the assessments of experts in the fields related to energy and mining, the article contains considerations on the validity of the developed forecasts together with the determination of the production capacity of domestic mining enterprises in terms of covering the demand for steam coal used for the production of electricity and heat. It is planned, inter alia, that blocks of coal-fired power plants will be decommissioned and, in their place, there is to be the expansion of solar and wind energy and the commissioning of the first blocks of a nuclear power plant. Such activities, which cause a decrease in the demand for coal, are also related to the plans of changes in the functioning of mining enterprises – there will be successive closures of individual mines and mining plants.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Czesław Turek

1

Patrycja Bąk

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Central Mining Institute, Katowice, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland

The use of waste in cement production in Poland – the move towards sustainable development

Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk Eugeniusz Mokrzycki

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 67-81 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142791

Keywords case study cement industry alternative fuels mineral waste industrial symbiosis

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Abstract

The cement industry has been using waste as a raw material for many years. Waste is also used as alternative fuel. Cement plants are an important element of the waste management system and fit the idea of a circular economy. When waste is recovered in the cement production process, direct and indirect CO ₂ emissions are partially avoided. This article discusses the cement industry in Poland. The current situation in terms of the use of alternative fuels and raw materials in Poland, the different types of waste and the amount of waste used is discussed. The article discusses changes in the amount of waste (the increase in the amount of waste used as raw materials from the year 2006 to the year 2019) and the types of waste recovered in the cement production process and the possibility of closing material cycles on the plant scale (recycling to the primary process – cement kiln dust) and industry (using waste from other industries: metallurgy – granulated blast furnace slag, iron bearings; energy production – fly ash, reagypsum/phosphogypsum, fluidized bed combustion fly ash, and fluidized bed combustion bottom ash; wastewater treatment plants – sewage sludge, etc.). The analysis shows that the role of cement plants in waste management and the circular economy in Poland is important. Industrial waste from metallurgy, power plants, heat and power plants, wastewater treatment plants, and municipal waste is used as the raw material for the cement industry, leading to an industrial symbiosis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alicja Uliasz-Bocheńczyk

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ORCID:

Eugeniusz Mokrzycki

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AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Resource Management, Kraków, Poland
Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Bioleaching using Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans – an option for element recovery from highly alkaline waste incineration ash

Monika Kasina Kinga Jarosz Klaudiusz Salamon Adam Wierzbicki Bartosz Mikoda Marek Michalik

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 105-120 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142785

Keywords bioleaching Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans sewage-sludge incineration ash municipal-waste incineration ash waste resources

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Abstract

Bioleaching research considers both the bio- and anthroposphere in the search for novel ways to recover resources and elements, which is important to the concept of sustainable development. Since the efficient, cost-effective and simple recovery of resources is of increasing importance in the circular economy model, the bioleaching of metals is a method currently gaining interest. The process is also of importance considering the need for the neutralization of waste materials/resources that allow for their safe storage and use. In this study, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans bacteria, which is commonly found and widely utilized in the bioleaching process due to its high tolerance to heavy metals, was used in a twenty-eight-day experiment. The manner in which bacteria inhabit incineration residues was observed using fluorescence optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The concentration of elements in incineration residues and in the post-reaction solutions was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and the efficiency of element recovery was calculated based on the results. Municipal waste incineration bottom ash and sewage sludge incineration fly ash were considered in the experiment. The extraction rates were far from satisfactory, with the average 20 and 50% for bottom ash and sewage sludge ash, respectively. The obtained results were consistent with microscopic observations where the relative number of bacteria increased only slightly over time in the sewage-sludge fly ash and was barely observed in the bottom ash of municipal- -waste incineration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Kasina

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ORCID:

Kinga Jarosz

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Klaudiusz Salamon

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ORCID:

Adam Wierzbicki

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Bartosz Mikoda

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Marek Michalik

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Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

Coal and dispersed organic matter in the Miocene sediments of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (Poland) – new data

Ewa Krzeszowska Małgorzata Gonera

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 121-136 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142789

Keywords organic matter Miocene Carpathian Foredeep

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Abstract

The paper presents new data on the Miocene development within the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. The Miocene succession of the study area is characterized by high thickness and highly variable lithology. In the Miocene sediments of the studied area, the presence of organic matter in the form of a coal layer, coal crumbs, and dispersed organic matter has been found. The research focused mainly on the analysis of organic matter in terms of its origin, degree of coalification, and depositional environment. The degree of coalification of organic matter was determined by the huminite/vitrinite reflectance. The hard brown coal layer with a thickness of about eight meters was identified within the Kłodnica Formation. Based on the textural properties and degree of coalification, brown coal was classified as dull brown coal and bright brown coal. Organic matter in the form of coal crumbs and dispersed organic matter were found within a package clastic sedimentary. On the basis of petrographic analysis, two types of allochthonous organic matter with different degrees of coalification were identified. The coal clasts are mainly of Carboniferous origin, while the Miocene redeposited brown coal grains dominate within the dispersed organic matter. Coal fragments and dispersed organic matter derived from the Miocene brown coal were also found within the black claystones. The study of organic matter of the Miocene sediments in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin showed both its autochthonous and allochthonous origins.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Krzeszowska

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ORCID:

Małgorzata Gonera

2

Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

The modelling of fine coal beneficiation with a water-only cyclone

Çağrı Çerİk Vedat Arslan

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 137-150 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142787

Keywords coal fines water only cyclone BBD-RSM modelling

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Abstract

In this study, a three-level Box-Behnken design of experiments combined with response surface methodology used to investigate the effects of the feed density, feed pressure and vortex finder diameter on the separation results (ash content and yield of the overflow) of a water-only cyclone. The coal used in the study was supplied from Soma, Turkey and crushed to below 1 mm. Experiments were conducted using a watter-only cyclone (WOC) which was operated in a closed-circuit test rig, overflow and underflow streams were collected and were sieved through 0.1 mm to simulate dewatering screens.The actual data collected from the tests were used to construct the empirical models representing clean coal ash and yield as process responses to the independent variables. The significance test of model fit for clean coal ash and yield were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that ash content and yield of the clean coal models were significant.The results showed that with an increase in vortex finder diameter (VFD), feed density (FD) and inlet pressure (IP), ash content and yield of the clean coal increases. The results suggested that all main parameters affected the ash content and yield of the clean coal to some degree. The significance order of the effect of the variables on the ash content and yield was found as FD > VFD > IP and VFD > IP > FD respectively. The results of the numerical optimization in the range of the experimental data showed that it is possible to reduce the ash content of clean coal from 42.21 to 18.89.

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Authors and Affiliations

Çağrı Çerİk

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Vedat Arslan

1

Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Mining Engineering, Izmir, Turkey

Factors affecting the market value of junior mining companies listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) London

Tomasz Leśniak Arkadiusz Jacek Kustra Grzegorz Wilczyński Rafał Tobiasz

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 151-172 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142786

Keywords stock exchange junior mines value drivers value management exploration projects

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Abstract

The exploration of mineral resources is an area of strategic importance for the pace of further development of all industries. The results of companies deciding to carry out exploration work depend on further investments of mining companies, i.e. the entities purchasing full deposit documentation. Being at the beginning of the entire mining process, junior mines assume a high risk related to investments enabling the commencement of works without providing high guarantees of the project’s success. Companies running these types of projects must seek funding in a variety of ways. One of these is to try to raise capital from the stock trading markets. However, the specificity of junior companies does not allow them to start on the main trading floors, hence the decision to enter alternative markets. In considering the broader context of the activities of junior mines, research was conducted on companies listed on the London Alternative Investment Market (AIM). In the first part, this concerned the market characteristics – the market value added values were determined for selected ranges of market capitalization. In the second part, which is a statistical study, factors that may affect their market value was checked. The analysis covered both traditional value drivers – related to revenues, the demand for net working capital, investment expenses and the cost of equity – and their supplementation with selected values of financial statements. The result of the analysis is a regression equation indicating the factors that have a statistically significant impact on the market value of junior mines listed on AIM London.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Leśniak

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Arkadiusz Jacek Kustra

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Grzegorz Wilczyński

2

Rafał Tobiasz

2

AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
Bulletprove sp. z o.o., Puławy, Poland

Impact of dividend payments by listed oil and gas companies on their valuation

Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz Maria Sierpińska

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 173-190 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142788

Keywords dividend yield determinants of net profit distribution listed companies from the oil and gas sector

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Abstract

The distribution of net profit is one of the basic problems of the financial strategy of companies. The amount of retained earnings affects the level of investment and the pace of their development, whereas the level of dividends translates into stock prices. Therefore, it is assumed that maintaining the right proportions in the distribution of net profit into the retained part and the part transferred to the shareholders will translate into the company’s value. The first part of the paper contains theoretical considerations on macroeconomic, microeconomic and the capital market determinants influencing companies’ distribution of net profit. A large group of microeconomic factors – long-term trends in changes of net profit, shareholder structure, the company’s life cycle and its investment opportunities – as well as a selection of financing sources facilitating the attainment of the optimal capital structure are discussed. The most important macroeconomic factors include the economic situation, the level of inflation, sector specifics and the situation on the stock market. The authors present the results of empirical research in which they assume that the dividend yield of companies from the oil and gas sector influences the value of the company depending on the level of investments shaping the book value of shares, and that the dividend yield affects the duration of the return on capital expressed as the price to net profit ratio, and thus the level of company risk. The calculated Pearson linear correlation coefficients show an insignificant influence of the dividend yield on the value of companies from the oil and gas sector. This value is determined by a number of other factors. The study is based on statistical data for 2010–2020 derived from Warsaw Stock Exchange Yearbooks.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz

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Maria Sierpińska

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ORCID:

Poznan University of Economics, Poznań, Poland
University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland

The pace of removing asbestos-containing products in Poland and the forecast time for the completion of this process

Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk Jarosław Staszczak

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 191-207 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.143018

Keywords asbestos asbestos-cement products pace of removal estimated indices process completion

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Abstract

The asbestos removal in Poland is carried out based on the Programme of Country Cleaning from Asbestos for the Years 2009–2023. Pursuant to this document asbestos-containing materials should be removed from the territory of the whole country by the end of 2032. The pace of asbestoscontaining products removal was estimated and also the time necessary to implement this process. These figures were estimated using two resources of data. The data gathered in the Asbestos Database (Asbestos Database... 2022) were analysed, and the analysis of detailed stocktaking and its update for 20 selected communes of various nature was carried out. The pace of removing in the analysed communes is definitely diversified. The obtained values generally range from 0.28 to 6.35 kg/R/y (kg per resident/year). An averaged pace of asbestos removal for the entire country is from 2.24 to 3.65 kg/R/y, depending on the adopted method of calculations. The analysis has shown that considering the current pace of asbestos-containing products removing, these materials will not be removed from the area of Poland by the set date, i.e. by the end of 2032. In individual provinces the amount of asbestos and the pace of removal are drastically different. Retaining the current pace of asbestoscontaining products removing, such products will disappear from Poland only within 27–193 years, depending on the province. An average pace of removal, given for the country scale, allows to state that 83 years are needed for the total removal of asbestos products.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk

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ORCID:

Jarosław Staszczak

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ORCID:

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Alternative directions of coal supply to Poland as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj Zbigniew Grudziński

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 31-47 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142790

Keywords steam coal international trade spot market Poland

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of other alternative directions of coal supply to Poland following the February 2022 embargo on coal imports from Russia. Due to the dominant role of steam coal in imports to Poland, the authors focused on this type of coal. Analysis of the share of Russian steam coal imported into Poland in domestic consumption and production suggests that this commodity has played a relatively important role in the Polish market. In 2010–2021, between 4.8 and 12.9 million tonnes were imported annually from Russia to Poland, accounting for 8–25% of domestic steam-coal consumption. In 2018–2021, steam coal imported into Poland accounted for 22–29% of the volume of coal shipped by Russia to all EU -27 countries. In order to fill the gap left by Russian coal, this article considers alternative routes of coal supply to Poland, namely from Australia, Indonesia, Colombia, South Africa and the US, and presents the qualitative characteristics of the coal offered by these alternative routes of coal supply and traded on the international market. Between 2010 and 2021, steam-coal-price offers from these countries followed a consistent trend, with the difference between the minimum and maximum offer ranging from USD 5–32/tonne. As the steam coal supply of each of the analyzed routes of supply is fraught with some risk, the authors have also identified in the article those directions that may present some difficulties. It was found that coal offerings from Australia, South Africa, Indonesia and Colombia have low sulphur content (less than 1%), while coals from Australia and South Africa have relatively high ash content (from 12% to nearly 25%). Towards the end, the article also addresses issues related to the transport of coal to Poland and its dispatching within the country. As the analyzed alternative directions of coal imports involve importing this commodity by sea, the authors also analyzed the reloading capacity of Polish seaports and the rail transport fleet.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj

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ORCID:

Zbigniew Grudziński

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e-mail:

ORCID:

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Mulling and its Effect on the Properties of Sand-Water-Bentonite Moulding Mixture

M. Gawronová Š. Kielar P. Lichý

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 107-112 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140243

Keywords Bentonite Green sand mixture Mulling time Green compressive strength Cumulative mulling

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Abstract

Today, foundries are facing increasing demands for greener and more economical production while maintaining or improving the quality of the castings produced. The importance and use of green sand mixtures using bentonite as a binder are thus coming to the fore once again. They have the advantage of both eliminating the chemicalization of production and also allowing the immediate use of the already used mixture, including the binder, after adjustment of the composition and mulling. In order to maintain the quality of the resulting castings, it is necessary to monitor the properties of the moulding mixture through a series of laboratory tests. It is also essential to look at the processing quality of these mixtures, i.e. the combination of good mulling quality and efficient mulling time, which is often neglected. It is the quality of mulling and the effective mulling time that help to develop the bonding properties of the bentonite, improve the properties of the mixture, determine the efficiency of the muller and possibly reduce the time and energy required for mulling. The aim of this work is to present the effect of mulling on the properties of sand-water-bentonite mixtures. The properties studied are mainly the compactability, strength characteristics, moisture content of the mixture and the order of addition of raw materials.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Gawronová

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ORCID:

Š. Kielar

1

P. Lichý

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Czech Republic

Microscopic Analysis of the Aluminium Castings Produced with the use of Polymer Composite Patterns

D. Czarnecka-Komorowska K. Gawdzińska P. Popielarski

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 113-117 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140244

Keywords Casting Aluminium alloys Lost-wax method bentonite Digital microscope

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Abstract

The paper presents a microscopic analysis of the surface and fracture of aluminium castings produced using the lost-wax method for patterns made of a composite material, i.e. polyethylene with the addition of bentonite. Castings are made of AlSi7 aluminium alloy (silumin) in a plaster mould. A new type of polymer waxes enriched with bentonite was used to obtain new composites, minimizing the defects caused by the casting production process. The castings were made in the centrifugal casting process. The prepared plaster moulds were removed from the furnace and poured with liquid aluminium alloy (AlSi7) at 750°C. The surface and fracture of the castings was analysed using an optical digital microscope type VHX-7000 manufactured by KEYENCE. It has been proven that the studied castings feature surface defects (raw surface defects) in the form of high roughness and the presence of bentonite inclusions classified as casting contamination. During the tests, shape defects related to mechanical damage were also detected.

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[17] Grzeskowiak, K., Czarnecka-Komorowska, D., Sytek K. & Wojciechowski, M. (2015). Influence of waxes remelting used in investment casting on their thermal properties and linear shrinkage. Metalurgija. 54(2), 350-352. https://hrcak.srce.hr/128959
[18] Trytek, A., Orłowicz, A.W., Tupaj, M., Mróz, M., Markowska, O., Bąk, G. & Abram, T. (2016). The effect of a thin459 wall casting mould cavity filling conditions on the casting surface quality. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 222-226. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0113
[19] Dolata, A.J., Dyzia, M., Putyra, P. & Jaworska, L. (2016). Cast hybrid composites designated for air compressor 549 pistons. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 61(2), 705-708. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2016-0120
[20] Staude, M. (2021). Porosity assessment of suspension and saturated composite castings with the use of microscopic examinations. Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. 67(139), 53-57.
[21] Skołek, E., Giętka, T., Świątnicki, W. & Myszka, D. (2017). The comparative study of the microstructure and phase composition of nanoausferritic ductile iron alloy using SEM, TEM, magnetometer, and X-ray diffraction methods. Acta Physica Polonica A. 5(131), 1319-1323, DOI: 10.12693/APhysPolA.131.1319
[22] Polish Standard PN-85/H-83105. Castings. Division and terminology of defects. (in Polish)

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Czarnecka-Komorowska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

K. Gawdzińska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Popielarski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Poznań University of Technology, Poland
Maritime University of Szczecin, Poland

Effect of Filter Type on Mechanical Properties During Aluminium Alloy Casting

M. Bruna M. Galčík

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 95-98 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140241

Keywords Aluminium alloys Filtration Mechanical properties Reoxidation Melt velocity

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Abstract

The naturally pressurized gating system was used for reoxidation suppression during aluminium alloy casting. A naturally pressurized gating system appears to be a suitable solution to reduce reoxidation processes, which was proven by our previous works. The disadvantage of this system is that without inserting deceleration elements, the melt velocity is supercritical. Therefore, the aim of paper is to find a proper way to reduce the melt velocity, which is the main parameter affecting the scale of reoxidation processes. For the purpose of the melt velocity reduction, labyrinth filters, foam filters and flat filters effect on the melt velocity and the number of oxides were investigated by numerical simulation software in the first stage of the experiment. After simulations observation, the effect of filters on the mechanical properties was investigated by experimental casts. The simulations and experimental casts proved that filters had a positive effect on the melt velocity reduction and it was associated with increased mechanical properties of castings. The best results were achieved by the foam filter.

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Bibliography

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[3] Lakoma, R., Camek, L., Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Radkovský, F. & Obzina, T. (2021). Some possibilities of using statistical methods while solving poor quality production. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 18-22. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136073
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[9] Brůna, M., Galčík, M., Sládek, A. & Martinec, D. (2021). Possibilities of bifilm amount reduction in Al castings by gating system design optimization. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(2), 549-559. ISSN 1733-3490

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Bruna

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Galčík

1

University of Žilina, Slovakia

Study on Reclamation of CO ₂-hardened Sodium Silicate Used Sands by CaO Powder

J. Lu L. Yang J. Qian W. He H. Wang

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 99-106 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140242

Keywords CO2 hardened sodium silicate used sands CaO reclamation Orthogonal experiment

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Abstract

Aiming at the problems of wet reclamation consuming a lot of water, dry(mechanical) reclamation having wear and power consumption, this paper to find suitable reclamation reagents to reduce the influence of harmful substances in used sodium silicate sands. By comparing the reclamation effect of CaO, Ca(OH) ₂ and Ba(OH) ₂ reclamation powder reagents, it was concluded that CaO had the best reclamation effect. Through the single factor experiment, the influence of CaO on the reclamation effect was explored: 1. addition amount of CaO;2. the additional amount of water ;3. reclamation time. The orthogonal results showed that the CaO reclamation effect was the best when the amount of CaO was 1.5%, the amount of sodium silicate was 4.0%, the amount of water added was 6.0%, and the reclamation time was 12.0h. In this experiment, 82.2% carbonate and 75.0 % silicate in used sands can be removed. The microscopic analysis of the reclamation sands was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM); The surface was relatively smooth, without large area cracks and powder accumulation. Compared with the used sands, the instant, 24h ultimate, and residual strengths of the reclaimed sands were increased by 536.5%, 458.1%, and 89.8%, respectively, which was beneficial to the reclamation of the CO2 sodium silicate used sands.

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Bibliography

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[5] Stachowicz, M. & Granat, K. (2014). Research on reclamation and activation of moulding sands containing water-glass hardened with microwaves. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14(2), 105-110. DOI: 10.2478/afe-2014-0046
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[8] Mashifana, T. & Sithole, T. (2020). Recovery of silicon dioxide from waste foundry sands and alkaline activation of desilicated foundry sands. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy. 6(4), 700-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00303-5
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[12] Lu, J.J., Li, J.C., Li, H. & Wang, H.F. (2021). Study on sewage harmless treatment in wet reclamation process of used water glass sands. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition). 49(08), 127-132.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Lu

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

L. Yang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

J. Qian

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

W. He

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Wang

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China

Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis for X-type zeolite production from fly ash

Barbara Białecka Magdalena Cempa Zdzisław Adamczyk Henryk Świnder Piotr Krawczyk

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 3 | 83-103 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.142794

Keywords cost-benefit analysis (CBA) cost-effectiveness analysis dynamic generation cost (DGC) zeolite fly ash

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a cost-effectiveness analysis and a cost-benefit analysis for the production of X-type zeolites from fly ash.
Positive results of the laboratory tests on the quality of zeolites derived from fly ash initiated a cost analysis on the production of this materials on an industrial scale. The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using the dynamic generation cost indicator (DGC). The calculated DGC expresses the technical manufacturing cost of 1 Mg of synthetic zeolites. Whereas the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was completed using the economic net present value (ENP V) and the economic internal rate of return (EIRR ) indicators.
The calculated unit technical cost of producing 1 Mg of zeolites using an installation consisting of five reactors with a capacity of 25 m3 each is 211 EUR and is lower than the current market price of this product, including transportation costs. This proves the financial viability of the investment. The calculations of the economic efficiency of the installation (CBA method) show that it is fully economically viable to operate and use the products from a social point of view.

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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Białecka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Magdalena Cempa

1

e-mail: mcempa@gig.eu

ORCID:

Zdzisław Adamczyk

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Henryk Świnder

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Krawczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

GIG Research Institute, Katowice, Poland
Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland

A Few Comments on Kurosh Salehi and Arezou Nazar’s “A Description of Fire Temples of Ancient Iran from the Perspective of Islamic Historians”, Folia Orientalia vol. LV (2018), 411-425

Mateusz M. Kłagisz Oskar Podlesiński

Folia Orientalia | 2020 | vol. 57 | 165-170 | DOI: 10.24425/for.2020.134080

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz M. Kłagisz

1

Oskar Podlesiński

1

Jagiellonian University, Kraków

Ethnographical Texts in Moroccan Berber (Dialect of Anti-Atlas), Collected by Aki’o Nakano, Translated and Annotated by John Cooper, Berber Studies, Volume 50, Köln: Köppe Verlag, 2017, 379 pp. ISBN 978-3-89645-950-3

Valentina Schiattarella

Folia Orientalia | 2020 | vol. 57 | 175-176 | DOI: 10.24425/for.2020.134082

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Valentina Schiattarella

1

University of Naples, “L’Orientale”

Stanisław Adam Jaśkowski, Parcham – Journal of Ahmad Kasravi and His Followers. A Snapshot from the History of Press in Iran, Warszawa: Dialog, 2018, 227 pp. ISBN 978-83-8002-736-7

Anna Krasnowolska

Folia Orientalia | 2020 | vol. 57 | 171-173 | DOI: 10.24425/for.2020.134081

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Krasnowolska

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