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Number of results: 8
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Abstract

Destructive aftershocks such as the M w 7.2 Van earthquake on October 23, 2011, and the Hoy (Iran) earthquake with M w 5.9 on February 23, 2020, occurred in the province of Van and its surroundings. In earthquake studies, the issue of examining the distribution and homogeneity of earthquake incidences with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based via spatial autocorrelation techniques is frequently investigated. Van province and its surroundings are among the areas with high earthquake risk due to its location on the East Anatolian Compressive Tectonic Block. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial patterns of earthquakes with magnitude M w 4 and above that occurred in the province of Van and its surroundings during the instrumental period and to determine to cluster. Spatial cluster analyses play an important role in examining the distribution of seismicity. The data used in the study have been taken from the database system of the Earthquake Department of the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Interior Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency. Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi methods from spatial autocorrelation techniques were preferred on the earthquake data set to be used in this research. It has aimed to determine the dangerous areas by testing the earthquake distributions in clustered regions via spatial autocorrelation techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

Güzide Miray Perihanoglu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ömer Bilginer
2
ORCID: ORCID
Elif Akyel
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
  2. Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract

The Laplace operator is a differential operator which is used to detect edges of objects in digital images. This paper presents the properties of the most commonly used third-order 3x3 pixels Laplace contour filters including the difference schemes used to derive them. The authors focused on the mathematical properties of the Laplace filters. The basic reasons of the differences of the properties were studied and indicated using their transfer functions and modified differential equations. The relations between the transfer function for the differential Laplace operator and its difference operators were described and presented graphically. The impact of the corner elements of the masks on the results was discussed. This is a theoretical work. The basic research conducted here refers to a few practical examples which are illustrations of the derived conclusions.We are aware that unambiguous and even categorical final statements as well as indication of areas of the results application always require numerous experiments and frequent dissemination of the results. Therefore, we present only a concise procedure of determination of the mathematical properties of the Laplace contour filters matrices. In the next paper we shall present the spectral characteristic of the fifth order filters of the Laplace type.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ireneusz Winnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Jasinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Slawomir Pietrek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kroszczynski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper discusses the mode of land acquisition for public road development resulting from the process of land severance performed at the request of the owner in terms of: the legitimacy of land acquisition by the State Treasury or local government units, by virtue of law, upon the land severance approval, the compensation for taking over the land severed for roads, the possibility of restitution of partially acquired plots of land in case a road has not been constructed, and therefore the redundancy of land earmarked for public purposes. The author compares land acquisition procedures set out in historical and currently applicable regulations as well as obligation to pay compensation. The aim of the research is to answer the question of whether the regulations according to which the land allocated for roads is acquired by operation of law by public entities should be modified, and if so, to what extent. On the example of a selected city, research was carried out to determine whether the acquired land is used at a later stage for road construction and what is the scale of compensation claims paid by the municipality. The conducted research made it possible to propose solutions to modify the mode of land severance resulting in land being severed for road development, considering both rational property management and the rights of former owners for restitution in the event public entities failed to use this real property for public purposes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Trembecka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The research investigates the possibility of applying Sentinel-2, PlanetScope satellite imageries, and LiDAR data for automation of land cover mapping and 3D vegetation characteristics in post-agricultural areas, mainly in the aspect of detection and monitoring of the secondary forest succession. The study was performed for the tested area in the Biskupice district (South of Poland), as an example of an uncontrolled forest succession process occurring on post-agricultural lands. The areas of interest were parcels where agricultural use has been abandoned and forest succession has progressed. This paper indicates the possibility of automating the process of monitoring wooded and shrubby areas developing in post-agricultural areas with the help of modern geodata and geoinformation methods. It was verified whether the processing of Sentinel-2, PlanetScope imageries allows for reliable land cover classification as an identification forest succession area. The airborne laser scanning (ALS) data were used for deriving detailed information about the forest succession process. Using the ALS point clouds vegetation parameters i.e., height and canopy cover were determined and presented as raster maps, histograms, or profiles. In the presented study Sentinel-2, PlanetScope imageries, and ALS data processing showed a significant differentiation of the spatial structure of vegetation. These differences are visible in the surface size (2D) and the vertical vegetation structure (3D).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Szostak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

The Laplace operator is a differential operator which is used to detect edges of objects in digital images. This paper presents the properties of the most commonly used fifth-order pixels Laplace filters including the difference schemes used to derive them (finite difference method – FDM and finite element method – FEM). The results of the research concerning third-order pixels matrices of the convolution Laplace filters used for digital processing of images were presented in our previous paper: The mathematical characteristic of the Laplace contour filters used in digital image processing. The third order filters is presented byWinnicki et al. (2022). As previously, the authors focused on the mathematical properties of the Laplace filters: their transfer functions and modified differential equations (MDE). The relations between the transfer function for the differential Laplace operator and its difference operators are described and presented here in graphical form. The impact of the corner elements of the masks on the results is also discussed. A transfer function, is a function characterizing properties of the difference schemes applied to approximate differential operators. Since they are relations derived in both types of spaces (continuous and discrete), comparing them facilitates the assessment of the applied approximation method.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ireneusz Winnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Slawomir Pietrek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Jasinski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Kroszczynski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This study discusses how to model the noise in a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-Mascon derived Equivalent Water Thicknesses (EWT) time-series. GRACE has provided unique information for monitoring variations in EWT of continents in regional or basin scale since 2002. To analyze a GRACE EWT time-series, a standard harmonic regression model is used, but usually assuming white noise-only stochastic model. However, like almost all kinds of geodetic time-series, it has been shown that the GRACE EWT time-series contains temporal correlations causing colored noise in the data. As well known in geodetic modelling studies, neglecting these correlations leads to underestimating the uncertainties, and so misinterpreting the significancy of the parameter estimates such as trend rate, amplitudes of signals etc. In this study, autoregressive noise modeling, which has some advantageous compared to the approaches and methods frequently applied in geodetic studies, is considered for GRACE EWT time series. For this aim, three important basins, namely theYangtze, Murray–Darling and Amazon basins have been examined. Among some applied autoregressive models, the ARMA(1,1) model is obtained as the best-fitting noise model for analyzing the EWT changes in each basin. The obtained results are discussed in terms of forecasting, significancy and consistency with GRACE-FO mission.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ozge Gunes
1
ORCID: ORCID
Cuneyt Aydin
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

With the developing technology and increasing construction, the importance of structural observations, which are of great significance in disaster management, has increased. Geodetic methods have been preferred in recent years due to their high accuracy and ease of use in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Surveys. In this study, harmonic oscillation tests have been carried out on a shake table to determine the usability of the Single Base and the Network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) method in SHM studies. It is aimed to determine the harmonic movements of different amplitudes and frequencies created by the shake table with 20 Hz multi-GNSS equipment. The amplitude and frequency values of the movements created using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Time Series Analysis have been calculated. The precision of the analysis results has been determined by comparing the LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) data, which is the position sensor of the shake table, with the GNSS data. The advantages of the two RTK methods over each other have been determined using the calculated amplitude and frequency differences. As a result of all experiments, it has been determined that network and single base RTK GNSS methods effectively monitor structural behaviours and natural frequencies.
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Authors and Affiliations

Güldane Oku Topal
1
ORCID: ORCID
Burak Akpinar
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Yildiz Technical Universty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract

3D maps are becoming more and more popular due not only to their accessibility and clarity of reception, but above all, they provide comprehensive spatial information. Three-dimensional cartographic studies meet the accuracy requirements set for traditional 2D stu-dies, and additionally, they naturally connect the place where the phenomenon occurs with its spatial location. Due to the scale of the objects and difficulties in obtaining comprehensive data using only one source, a frequent procedure is to integrate measurement, cartographic, photo-grammetric information and databases in order to generate a comprehensive study in the form of a 3D map. This paper presents the method of acquiring and processing, as well as, integrating data from TLS and UAVs. Clouds of points representing places and objects are the starting point for the implementation of 3D models of buildings and technical objects, as well as for the con-struction of the Digital Terrain Model. However, in order to supplement the spatial information about the object, the geodetic database of the record of the utilities network was integrated with the model. The procedure performed with the use of common georeferencing, based on the global coordinate system, allowed for the generation of a comprehensive basemap in a three-dimensional form.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemyslaw Klapa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Mitka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Zygmunt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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