The studies were conducted from 2012 to 2015 at the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice, Poland. The aim of the research was to determine the yield of Chinese cabbage, its storage ability and nutritional value, depending on weed management methods used during cultivation. In the field experiments the following methods were compared: mechanical treatments, mechanical treatments + growth stimulators, soil mulching with black polypropylene, black polyethylene and biodegradable foil and hand weeding. After harvest the Chinese cabbage was stored at 0–2°C for 125–126 days depending on the year and after storage marketable and rotten heads were sorted. The percent of yellowed, rotten leaves in the total mass of the stored heads was also determined, as well as the natural weight loss. The chemical composition of Chinese cabbage was analyzed after harvest and after storage. The analyses included: dry matter, total sugars, vitamin C and soluble phenol content. After harvest the highest yield of Chinese cabbage grown in black polyethylene mulch was obtained. After storage the highest yield of marketable heads from cabbage mechanically weeded with additional application of biostimulator AlfaMax during cultivation was obtained. Chemical analyses showed that after harvest the highest dry matter, total sugars and vitamin C content were found in Chinese cabbage mechanically weeded and soluble phenols were the highest in non-weeded Chinese cabbage. After storage the highest content of dry matter was recorded in non-weeded Chinese cabbage, while total sugars were the highest in cabbage mulched with black polyethylene and biodegradable foil. Vitamin C was the highest in mechanically weeded and soluble phenols were the highest in hand-weeded cabbage.

Orobanche crenata parasitism on lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik) is one of the most destructive factors for this crop in Morocco. Field and pot assays were performed to study the mitigation of O. crenata stress on two lentil genotypes, Bakria (partially resistant to O. crenata) and Zaaria (susceptible), using salicylic acid (SA) and indole acetic acid (IAA). These two hormones were applied separately at concentrations of 1 mM and 0.09 mM, respectively, using seed pre-treatment and/or foliar spray methods. SA and IAA seed pre-treatment for the susceptible genotype Zaaria and foliar spray for the resistant genotype Bakria gave the best control of O. crenata under field and controlled conditions. This control reached ~91% in Zaaria and 83% in Bakria and was sometimes accompanied by an increase in plant growth and seed yield compared to the untreated plants. Biochemical assays showed that SA and IAA reduced O. crenata infestation in lentil through induction of systemic acquired resistance characterized by increasing activities of phenol metabolizing enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase) implicated in natural defense systems of plants. Treatment of plants with SA or IAA could be an alternative strategy of crop protection with more satisfactory preservation of the environment.

In this study Trichoderma harzianum strain A was isolated from the rhizosphere of an argan tree in southern Morocco. Trichoderma harzianum strain A had previously demonstrated a high antagonistic potential in vitro by direct confrontation and in vivo on wheat plants in pots under greenhouse conditions against Zymoseptoria tritici, the agent of septoria leaf blotch. In this study, the activity of filtrates prepared from the liquid culture of T. harzianum A alone and from the confrontation medium with two Z. tritici strains [G1-1 (durum wheat) and A5-1 (soft wheat)] on the inhibition of Z. tritici pycnidiospore germination was studied by nephelometry. The results of the antibiosis assay revealed that filtrate 0 (A in confrontation with G1-1) and F3 (A against A5-1) showed 95% of G1-1 and A5-1 pycnidiospore inhibition at 9/10 dilution of the undiluted filtrates after 4 days of incubation. To understand and explain the antifungal activity of these filtrates, the extraction and identification of secondary molecules of peptaibiotic nature secreted by T. harzianum A in the three studied filtrates were performed. According to the results of high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analyses, 38 peptaibiotic molecules reported in the literature for their antifungal activity were identified in the different extracts at high concentrations (high peak intensities). These molecules are divided into nine groups, namely: Trichocryptin, Trichobrevin, Triochocryptin, Hypocompactin, Hyporodicin, Trichocompactin, Alamethicine, Trichoferin, and Trichokonin. It was also shown that the presence of the pathogen induces the production of peptaibols by the antagonistic strain of Trichoderma.

The effects of two native isolates of Beauveria bassiana, AM-118 and BB3, were evaluated on the predatory coccinellid, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri by measuring several developmental parameters and intermediary metabolism. Treatment with both isolates significantly increased the length of each developmental stage compared to the control except for the eggs and adults. The preovipositional period in the adults treated with BB3 significantly increased compared to those treated with AM-118 and the control. Other parameters, including longevity, length of oviposition period and fecundity, showed no significant differences between treatments. Although there were no significant differences in the parameters of net reproduction rate ( R₀) and gross reproduction rate ( GRR) between the control and fungal treated C. montrouzieri, the intrinsic rate of population increase ( r) and finite rate of population (λ) for the control treatments were significantly higher. The activities of both aminotransferases in the larvae and the adults treated with both isolates significantly increased 96 hours post-treatment compared to the control. Although similar results were recorded for acid phosphatase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity showed no significant differences in larvae and adults between the treatments. The amount of protein significantly decreased in the larvae and the adults treated with both isolates after 96 hours, while the amount of triglyceride significantly reduced in the treated larvae compared to control. No significant differences were observed in adults. Our results indicated that both native isolates of B. bassiana may affect life fitness of C. montrouzieri but isolate AM-118 was more compatible than BB3.

Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) has emerged as an alternative to sugarcane. It is mainly utilized for sugar extraction and has significant industrial value with great nutritional impact. Different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses are considered to be major barriers for sugar beet cultivation. As per the current scenario, every year sugar beet production suffers huge yield losses due to various stresses. The conventional breeding technique is a time-consuming lengthy procedure which can be replaced by a genetic transformation technique to bring new transgenic traits within a short period of time. Sugar beet has proven to be excellent sample material for in vitro culture of haploid plants, protoplast culture, somaclonal variation, and single cell culture, among others. Agrobacterium mediated and PEG-mediated transformations are the most effective genomic transformations in the case of sugar beet. Development of new traits in terms of fungus/virus, pest/nematode tolerance, herbicide and salt tolerance are the most frequently expected traits in the current scenario of sugar beet production. Potential transgenic plants are viable alternatives to traditional expression systems for end product (protein) development with more accuracy. So, transgenic production through genome editing/base editing is presently considered to be one of the best tools for sugar beet tolerant traits development. Food safety and environmental impacts are two major concerns of genetic transformation in sugar beet and need to be appropriately screened for public health acceptability.

In Cameroon, oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is of economic importance. However, it is affected by vascular wilt presumed to be caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis (FOE). Accurate species identification requires molecular-based comparisons. The aim of this work was to molecularly identify Fusarium species associated with diseased oil palms and to determine the pathogenicity of selected isolates. Fungal samples of diseased palms were collected from the canopies and the soil of five oil palm estates of the Cameroon Development Corporation and characterized by sequencing and comparing the translation elongation factor 1a gene. The results revealed the presence of FOE from approximately 80% of the isolates. Cameroonian isolate within FOE clade 1 exhibited the greatest variability grouping with isolates from Suriname, Brazil and Democratic Republic of Congo. Other isolates found in FOE clade 2 formed a unique group which was comprised solely of isolates originating from Cameroon. Twenty-two isolates were chosen for pathogenicity tests. After a short time, 14 isolates were found to be pathogenic to oil palm seedlings. This study revealed the pathogenicity of FOE isolates from Cameroon and demonstrated that FOE in Africa is more diverse than previously reported, including a lineage not previously observed outside of Cameroon. Comparisons between all isolates will ultimately aid to devise appropriate control mechanisms and better pathogen detection methods.

Allelopathy refers to the beneficial and detrimental effects of one plant on another plant in both crops and weeds through the production of secondary compounds. In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) as a crop and redroot pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L.) as a common weed worldwide on each other in intercropping, these plants were cultivated under controlled conditions at Tabriz University laboratory. The ratios of wheat to redroot pigweed were, 100 : 0 and vice versa as a control, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, and 25 : 75. The results showed that at the ratio of 25 : 75 (wheat : redroot pigweed), the fresh and dry weight of roots and shoot length of wheat decreased significantly compared to the control. The fresh and dry weight of wheat shoots showed a significant decrease at different ratios compared to the control. Shoot peroxidase (POD), root superoxide dismutase (SOD), and root and shoot catalase (CAT) activities in redroot pigweed increased in all intercropping ratios compared to the control. POD activity in wheat roots was higher at all ratios than in the control. Furthermore, the ratio of 75 : 25 (wheat : redroot pigweed) led to increased activity of POD enzymes and malonedialdehyde (MDA) content in wheat shoots. Moreover, roots of redroot pigweed showed increased activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and SOD enzymes and MDA content. With increased density of redroot pigweed, the soluble sugar content of wheat roots reduced significantly. However, the content of insoluble sugar and total protein increased. Root exudate compounds such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty alcohol, steroids, fatty acids, and alkanes were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The findings showed that the roots were more exposed to oxidative stress due to direct contact with allelochemical compounds. Our results support the hypothesis that increasing the density can reduce the toxicity of allelochemical compounds and that increasing the activity of the antioxidant system will improve plant growth under allelochemical stress.

The studies on lexical availability deal with the available lexicon, the set of words that speakers have in the mental lexicon and which use is determined by the specific topic of the communication. This article presents the preliminary results of an exploratory research on the lexical availability in the Polish language of a sample of 147 students from 6 secondary schools in 6 Polish cities. Following a sociolinguistic methodology, the analysis considers the incidence of variables such as ‘sex’, ‘sociocultural level’ and ‘educational level’.

The article aims to discuss the presence of dialect words in the Italian language as well as to evaluate the knowledge of these words by students in the last year of Italian Studies at University of Silesia. Popular dialecticisms in the Italian language will be described, and how they differ from regionalisms and geosynonyms will be explained. The main purpose is to answer the question of what the students’ knowledge of dialecticisms is and if there is a need to find space in the training process offered by the University to introduce assignments aimed at studying the formation and provenance of the Italian vocabulary.

This paper reviews theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on the comprehension of counterfactuals. The author sheds light on the issue of fake past and dual meaning. The theories of counterfactuals comprehension are assessed in light of empirical findings. The author supports the view that people hold in mind two meanings of counterfactuals. Based on this account, it is highlighted to differentiate three types of conditionals: suppositional, factual and counterfactual.

This paper intends to investigate the strategic approaches towards the third culture elements, which are regarded as a sign of literary heterolingualism, in the translation into Polish and Dutch of Pachinko written by Min Jin Lee, a Korean American author who currently lives in New York. Since the plot of the novel written in English is set in Korea and Japan, all elements of Korean and Japanese origin are considered third culture elements in the translation process. The aim of the analysis conducted against the backdrop of anthropocentric Translation Studies is to present the similarities and differences in the translation techniques concerning the third culture elements, as well as to introduce the factors determining the choice of a specific translation approach.

The article aims to discuss the state of research on the history of two compound verbal tenses of the subjunctive mood: antepresente and antefuturo in Latin American Spanish. According to our analysis presented in the text, both forms have so far been superficially investigated from a diachronic perspective, which is caused, to some extent, by their rare usage and by their replacement with other verbal forms. However, in our opinion, a series of historical studies of these tenses should be carried out so that we could understand better the processes which take place in the subjunctive mood in contemporary varieties of Latin American Spanish.

The unpublished novel Jacopo Foscari. Storia Veneta del Secolo XV (1838) by the Pisan writer, lawyer and politician Tommaso Paoli is presented for the first time. The novel is based on the story of the trial and conviction of the son of the sixty-fifth doge of Venice. It is an episode already dealt with by Byron in the tragedy The two Foscari but which Paoli proposes in a new guise starting from the choice of the narrative form.

In the paper, forty-five Polish and British incongruent labour law terms are analysed. Polish terms under the analysis appear in the Polish labour code. The research aims to verify whether the published typology of translation methods used in the Polish-English translation of civil law terms (Kizińska 2018: 247–251) encompasses translation methods applied when translating Polish and British incongruent labour law terms. The definitions of the source terms and the equivalents in question are analysed to identify the translation methods applied while producing equivalents.