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Bohemia in “Theatrum Orbis Terrarum”: A study of Ortelius’s method of work

Jan Vojtíšek

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 39-61 | DOI: 10.24425/libriged.2022.145668

Keywords Abraham Ortelius historical cartography atlases Johann Criginger Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (Pius II) Ioannes Dubravius historiography

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Abstract

The study analyses the notes written on the map of Bohemia and two Latin versions of the description of Bohemia in the first modern atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum by Abraham Ortelius. It examines the method of Ortelius’s work with cartographic material and his approach to the composition of the descriptive texts on the reverse sides, which he himself considered to be the main contribution of his atlas. The success of the atlas with its series of editions demonstrates the importance of the texts in their impact on the basic knowledge of regions and countries in early modern European society. The analysis of the two Latin versions of the description of Bohemia also proves Ortelius’s endeavor to update the information.
The map of Bohemia, published by Johann Criginger in 1568, was supplemented by Ortelius in his atlas with notes on some Czech towns and places, which he took from Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia. In the first Latin description of Bohemia, the author based his work primarily on Historia Bohemica by Annaeas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II), and in the second version, which appears in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from the 1574 Latin edition, he takes the text from the recent Historiae Regni Boiemiae by Jan Dubravius. The annexes provide transcriptions of both of Ortelius’s versions of the characteristics of Bohemia.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Vojtíšek

1

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Department of Manuscripts and Early Printed Books, National Library of the Czech Republic, Klementinum 190, 110 00 Prague

Composing inscriptions in the 18th century Gdańsk: the case of the textbook “Fundamenta stili cultioris” by Johann Gottlieb Heinecke

Jacek Pokrzywnicki

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 63-87 | DOI: 10.24425/libriged.2022.145669

Keywords Inscriptions – composition Danzig Gdańsk textbook “Fundamenta stili cultioris” Johann Gottlieb Heinecke

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Abstract

The article discusses the principles of composing inscriptions which might have been familiar to the inhabitants of 18th century Gdańsk. Johann Gottlieb Heinecke’s textbook on Latin stylistics, “Fundamenta stili cultioris”, was one of the most well-known sources of theoretical knowledge on this matter. There are testimonies of the use of the textbook by professors of the Academic Gymnasium: Gottfried Lengnich (1689-1774) and Gottlieb Wernsdorf (1717-1774). Johann Gottlieb Heinecke proposed that inscriptions be primarily divided into ones made in the old style and ones made in the new style. The old style was referred to as lapidaris, while the new one was called stilus recentior. The former assumed brevity and simplicity of expression, while the latter allowed more freedom in terms of the form adopted. The inscriptions made in this latter style also had a more complex and varied vocabulary. According to Heinecke, the optimal structure of an inscription should be tripartite. This universal pattern could have been used everywhere, e.g. in inscriptions on buildings, or on tombstones. This tripartite structure is also present in the extant epitaph of the aforementioned Gottlieb Wernsdorf himself.

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Jacek Pokrzywnicki

1

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Instytut Studiów Klasycznych i Slawistyki, Wydział Filologiczny, Uniwersytet Gdański, ul. Wita Stwosza 55, 80-308 Gdańsk

Global scientific workforce: What Big data say on women in science

Marek Kwiek Łukasz Szymula

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 45-86 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146057

Keywords global scientific workforce women in science academic age OECD bibliometric data longitudinal study

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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to determine what can we learn about the changing demographics of scientific personnel around the world and over time using available global bibliometric data sources. We wanted to see how useful global data could be for analyzing the scientific workforce. We tested how the demographic transformation of the global scientific profession can be measured using new data sources, thus transcending the traditional approach in which national statistics from national statistical offices are aggregated to a higher level, as in the case of the scientific workforce databases produced by the OECD, UNESCO and the European Union (Eurostat).

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Marek Kwiek

1

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Łukasz Szymula

1

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Centrum Studiów nad Polityką Publiczną Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

The dynamics of gender inequalities in the Polish Academia. An analysis of degrees and academic titles awarded in the years 2004–2021 by faculty groups and fields of science

Michał Gulczyński

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 33-43 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146056

Keywords academic career gender graduates higher education women instem

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Abstract

This paper presents the dynamics of gender inequalities at Polish universities in the years 2004–2021. Instead of the usual shares of women among all university graduates and employees, I analyse the degrees and titles awarded in this period. The gender imbalance among university graduates persists, with women obtaining twice as many master's degrees as men. Among the new doctors, a small surplus of women appeared. The shares of women in habilitations and titles of professors substantially increased. The shares of women in engineering and technical sciences increased at all levels. Both among graduates and among scientists, the gender composition tends towards equality where women have been less numerous so far. However, a similar trend has not occurred where men obtained a minority of degrees and titles.

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Michał Gulczyński

1

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Uniwersytet Bocconiego w Mediolanie, Wydział Nauk Społecznych i Politycznych

Iron curtain metaphor as an analytical category

Elżbieta Czykwin

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 107-123 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146059

Keywords The Iron Curtain the Cold War the war in Ukraine the Berlin Wall armaments race the division between US and THEM

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The content of the article is a historical analysis of the presence, understanding and validity of the Iron Curtain metaphor in the field of social sciences. After 1989, it might seem that the fall of the Iron Curtain had lost its relevance and the metaphor had become dead. It’s recall by Władimir Załęski in connection with the war in Ukraine prompted a re-analysis of the sense, meaning and emotions associated with it. The question of how this commonly known metaphor influenced (and influences) our understanding of reality and to what extent it constitutes a reliable analytical category is subject to reflection.

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Elżbieta Czykwin

1

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Chrześcijańska Akademia Teologiczna w Warszawie

Psychopharmacology – Quo Vadis?

Janusz Rybakowski

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 87-106 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146058

Keywords psychopharmacology antipsychotic drugs antidepressant drugs mood-stabilizing drugs anxiolytic drugs pro-cognitive drugs

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Abstract

Psychopharmacology is the field of knowledge concerning drugs acting specifically on distinct psychopathological symptoms such as e.g. psychosis, depression, mania, anxiety, etc. The birth of contemporary psychopharmacology was heralded by a paper by Australian psychiatrist, John Cade, in 1949, describing the therapeutic action of lithium in mania and a paper by French psychiatrists from 1952 demonstrating the therapeutic action of chlorpromazine on psychotic symptoms. Here, the development of antipsychotic, antidepressive, mood-stabilizing (preventing affective recurrences), anxiolytic and pro-cognitive drugs is outlined. Based on the chronology of their introduction into psychiatric treatment and the therapeutic spectrum, three generations of antipsychotic drugs can be distinguished, and two antidepressive and mood-stabilizing drugs. Despite a great accumulation of knowledge on brain function, the mechanism of the majority of psychotropic drugs can be interpreted by their effect on brain neurotransmitters (subtypes, receptors, transporters) such as dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate, and acetylcholine. In the paper, the directions of the development of psychopharmacology, the possibilities of using psychedelics and the like as psychotropic drugs, and the role of psychotherapy in pharmacological context are delineated. Finally, the ongoing controversies on antidepressant drugs, increasing for three decades, are presented, achieving a great media reaction, also in Poland.

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Janusz Rybakowski

1

Klinika Psychiatrii Dorosłych, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Poznaniu

Front pages

Nauka | 2023 | No 2

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Women’s place in technoscience. Untapped potential or revolution?

Anna Knapińska

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 19-31 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146055

Keywords women in technoscience gender equality women’s scientific career

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The article presents, on the basis of data from the POL-on system and the European Statistical Office, the trajectories of women's scientific careers in technoscience – particularly in engineering and technology. It also describes the results of a qualitative study, which comprises an analysis of twelve biographical interviews with female professors who represent various disciplines of technoscience. The article then outlines possible solutions for increasing the representation of women in technoscience.

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Anna Knapińska

1

Ośrodek Przetwarzania Informacji – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy

“Research excellence has no gender” initiative – from awareness to transformation

Marta Gmurek Anna Kłos Jacek Ł. Kolanowski

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 11-18 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146054

Keywords research excellence discrimination gender stereotypes female scientist Gender Equality Plan (GEP) Polish Young Academy CoARA

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Abstract

The problem of gender imbalance in Polish science is a clear and widely documented fact confirmed by numerous scientific studies. The gender imbalance affects both women and men depending on scientific disciplines and the level of scientific careers. The sources of this situation, leading to morally unacceptable exclusion of certain demographic groups and the underutilisation of society's full intellectual potential, are both 1) cultural and social aspects and the associated prejudice and discrimination, and 2) institutional aspects, including, inter alia, low and unequal salaries and the widespread use of anachronistic models of assessing scientific excellence that exclude non-traditional career paths and ways of conducting scientific research. In order to broaden the public dialogue on the gender imbalance in science in Poland, on 10.02.2023, the Polish Young Academy of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), together with the National Science Centre, the Office of Science Promotion of the PolSCA PAS in Brussels and the Research Centre for Women's Participation in Public Space of the UAM in partnership with the L'Oreal Foundation, organised a conference entitled “Research excellence has no gender”. The event, attended by representatives and authorities of many organisations of the scientific community in Poland, inaugurated a long-term programme under the name “Research excellence has no gender”. The event aimed to draw attention to the existing disparities in science and the need to develop and introduce changes to reduce these disparities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Gmurek

1 2

Anna Kłos

1 3

Jacek Ł. Kolanowski

1 4

Akademia Młodych Uczonych PAN
Politechnika Łódzka
Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej PAN

Position of the Conference of Rectors of the Academic Schools in Poland, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the General Council for Science and Higher Education of May 12, 2023 on ensuring the freedom of scientific research

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 9-10

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Position of the KRASP Presidium of 12 May 2023 on ensuring the freedom of scientific research

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 7-8

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On „The Diaries” of Stanisław Ossowski

Róża Sułek

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 151-162 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146061

Keywords Stanisław Ossowski sociological ego-narrations history of sociology in Poland

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Abstract

This article was written on the occasion of the completion of the 3-volume edition of “The Diaries” of the eminent Polish sociologist Stanislaw Ossowski (1897–1963). These diaries were written during a long and turbulent period, from the Russian Revolution of 1905 until the author's death in 1963. The author of this article, who prepared Ossowski's diaries for publication and annotated them extensively, discusses their character, describes the fate of their manuscripts and reveals her editorial workshop. “The Diaries” are a valuable collection of Ossowski's notes of daily life, wars and politics, his scientific travels, comments on his readings and more general reflections on society. They provide material for Ossowski's scientific biography and are an important source for the study of the history of sociology and intellectual life in Poland. The value of Ossowski’s diaries lies in the fact that he wrote them for himself. This makes them free of the bias common in autobiographies and diaries written with a view to future publication.

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Róża Sułek

1

Biblioteka Instytutu Stosowanych Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego

Pedagogical cairology of Bogdan Suchodolski

Zbigniew Kwieciński

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 125-150 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146060

Keywords Bogdan Suchodolski cairology adaptation of pedagogy to political changes totalitarian regimes socialism universal humanism tragic humanism

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Abstract

In the article, the author analyzes the phenomenon of adapting Bogdan Suchodolski's pedagogy to changing political circumstances several times: from his fascination with mainstream politics in the 1930s, through intensive practice of Marxist and socialist pedagogy after World War II, to universal humanism and tragic humanism in the 1970s and 80s. Following R. Englert, the author calls this adaptability of pedagogy to political changes “pedagogical cairology”.

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Zbigniew Kwieciński

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członek rzeczywisty PAN

Joint statement of the Psychology Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences and scientific psychological societies on social responsibility in communicating about children's traumatic experiences, especially in cases of sexual offences

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 179-182 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146063

Keywords secondary victimization sexual abuse in childhood public debate

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Abstract

Considering recent media cases of incorrect communication about the traumatic experiences of children, the Committee on Psychological Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, together with scientific psychological societies, prepared a joint statement on this problem. It illustrates the role of adverse events (including sexual abuse) experienced in childhood in lowering an individual's wellbeing in the future, and how some factors may lead to secondary victimization. It also emphasizes the appropriate ways of communicating about children's exposure to traumatic events. An appeal to the participants of the public debate is made to refrain from using media descriptions of child abuse in current political games.

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Opportunities and barriers of the West Pomeranian scientific community against the background of the national conditions for the development of science

Rafał Rakoczy Maciej Kowalewski Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska Maciej J. Nowak

Nauka | 2023 | No 2 | 163-177 | DOI: 10.24425/nauka.2023.146062

Keywords zachodniopomorskie (West Pomeranian) voivodship scientific development interdisciplinarity

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to present opportunities and barriers to scientific development in the West Pomeranian scientific communities. The authors (representing various scientific centres) identify the specificity of opportunities for scientific development in the West Pomeranian Region. Starting from more general diagnoses, they focus on selected indicators of scientific development. They then attempt to characterise them in more detail. The article is also an invitation to discuss the determinants of scientific development on a regional scale.

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Rafał Rakoczy

1

Maciej Kowalewski

2

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Paula Ossowicz-Rupniewska

1

Maciej J. Nowak

3

Wydział Technologii i Inżynierii Chemicznej, Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie
Instytut Socjologii, Uniwersytet Szczeciński
Wydział Ekonomiczny, Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie

Spis treści

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39

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Book ownership marks: bookplates and seals of the Gdańsk Library from the 16th to the 21st century

Helena Dzienis

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 9-37 | DOI: 10.24425/libriged.2022.145667

Keywords library bookplates library seals Library of the Council of the City of Gdańsk City Library in Gdańsk PAS Gdańsk Library

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Abstract

This paper discusses the individual book ownership marks used in the Gdańsk Library from the end of the 16th to the beginning of the 21st century. In the first two centuries of existence of the Library of the Council of the City of Gdańsk, three subsequent copperplate bookplates were used as ownership marks. Established in the beginning of the 19th century, the City Library in Gdańsk marked its collections with seals with eight (six pre-war and two post-war) different patterns changed over time; they were imprinted using ink. The founding of the Gdańsk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in the mid-20th century resulted in the use of a further seven different seals.
Today, bookplates are no longer used to mark the collections of the Gdańsk Library. However, these ownership marks continue to be made to mark special occasions; some of them are described in this paper.

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Helena Dzienis

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Dział Zbiorów Specjalnych, PAN Biblioteka Gdańska, ul. Wałowa 15, 80-858 Gdańsk

Przemysław Szafran (1929-2021)

Helena Dzienis

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 151-153

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Helena Dzienis

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Publications of PAS Gdańsk Library in the years 2018-2021

Aleksander Baliński

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 149-150

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Aleksander Baliński

Strona tytułowa i redakcyjna

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39

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Maria Babnis (1943-2022)

Aleksander Baliński

Libri Gedanenses | 2022 | vol. 39 | 154-156

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Aleksander Baliński

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