The field of plant pathology has adopted targeted genome editing technology as one of its most crucial and effective genetic tools. Due to its simplicity, effectiveness, versatility, CRISPR together with CRISPR-associated proteins found in an adaptive immune system of prokaryotes have recently attracted the interest of the scientific world. Plant disease resistance must be genetically improved for sustainable agriculture. Plant biology and biotechnology have been transformed by genome editing, which makes it possible to perform precise and targeted genome modifications. Editing offers a fresh approach by genetically enhancing plant disease resistance and quickening resistance through breeding. It is simpler to plan and implement, has a greater success rate, is more adaptable and less expensive than other genome editing methods. Importantly CRISPR/Cas9 has recently surpassed plant science as well as plant disease. After years of research, scientists are currently modifying and rewriting genomes to create crop plants which are immune to particular pests and diseases. The main topics of this review are current developments in plant protection using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in model plants and commodities in response to viral, fungal, and bacterial infections, as well as potential applications and difficulties of numerous promising CRISPR/Cas9-adapted approaches.

The aim of this study was to investigate qualitative and quantitative chemical compounds of plant water extract (PWE), and the reduction potential of Corum herbicide (bentazone and imazamox) doses using PWE for weed control in faba bean fields. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of diverse allelochemicals including polyphenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The field experiment results showed clear differences between the measured traits in response to the applied treatments. The application of Corum at 1.5 l · ha ^–1, at 0.75 l · ha ^–1, and at 0.75 l · ha ^–1 + PWE significantly reduced weed density and biomass, with a weed control efficiency of 75.5–78.4, 57.4–53.3 and 68.2–56.9 % during the first-second cropping seasons, respectively. Meanwhile, Corum at 1.5 l · ha ^–1 and at 0.75 l · ha ^–1 + PWE treatments guaranteed approximately the same yield components and improved the faba bean yield (Q · ha ^–1) by 65 and 40% in 2018–2019 and by 91 and 85% in 2019–2020, respectively. Therefore, the results suggest that PWE in combination with a lower herbicide dose (up to 50%) could be used as a potential weed management strategy in faba bean. Further research is required to understand the phytotoxic mechanisms of the studied extract-herbicide mixtures and their modes of action.

Food and crops are sourced primarily from agriculture, and due to the enormous growth in population, agricultural goods are in great demand, while farmland is being developed for residences. Therefore, certain chemicals, like pesticides, are being overused and have become unavoidable to increase crop productivity and storage. Excessive release of pesticides into the environment and food chain may pose a health risk. Food and agricultural products need routine analyses to monitor the level of pesticide residuals. As pesticide detection techniques are labor-intensive and require highly qualified professionals, an alternative technique must be developed, such as analytical nanotechnology. The most commonly used nanomaterials for pesticide delivery, enrichment, degradation, detection, and removal are metals, clays, polymers, and lipids. In colorimetric analysis of pesticides, metal nanoparticles are widely used which are quick, easy, and do not require any sample preparation. This manuscript compiles the latest research on nanotechnology in pesticide formulation and detection for smart farming.

An application of biostimulants is becoming an increasingly popular operation in agriculture because they positively affect crop performance and qualitative characteristics, and prevent stress-related losses. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of an application of the following biostimulants: PlonoStart, Aminoplant, and Agro-Sorb Folium, and the herbicide Avatar 293 ZC on total carotenoids in table potato tubers. The research material consisted of tubers of two table potato cultivars, Oberon and Malaga, which were produced in a 3-year field experiment. Chemical analyses of fresh material were conducted 4–6 days following harvest. Biostimulants applied with the herbicide significantly increased the table potato tuber content of carotenoids compared to tubers obtained from unamended control plots. The highest accumulation of carotenoids was determined following an application of the biostimulant Agro-Sorb Folium, and it was higher in the tubers of cv. Oberon versus cv. Malaga. It should be added that in the available literature there is no research on the effect of biostimulants on the content of carotenoids in potato, which is the main food in the world. Carotenoids perform many important functions in the human body. They exhibit antioxidant properties, which means that they protect cells from damage, and also have a beneficial effect on the immune system. Carotenoids are substances that show an indispensable effect on the health and appearance of the skin. Regular consumption of them in the form of vegetables and fruits ensures its firmness, elasticity, smoothness, as well as a healthy appearance. The protective function of carotenoids against free radicals simultaneously contributes to slowing down the aging process. This action, in turn, translates into preventing the development of cancer or diseases of the circulatory system.

The aims of this study were to prospect Penicillium and Talaromyces species associated with Austrocedrus chilensis in sites with and without Austrocedrus Root Disease (ARD), which is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora austrocedri; and to find Penicillium sp. strains with biocontrol activity against this disease. Isolations from sites with and without the prevalence of ARD were made, and the obtained isolates were phenotypically and molecularly identified to species level. Several Penicillium species were isolated from all sites; five of them were exclusively isolated from sites with ARD. Penicillium communities were compared through multivariate analyses; communities were more complex in sites with ARD. Biocontrol activity of Penicillium and Talaromyces isolates was evaluated using co-cultures with Ph. austrocedri. Penicillium glabrum, T. amestolkiae, P. palitans, and P. crustosum showed the highest biocontrol effect. Our results highlight that Penicillium species have high biocontrol activity, which also reinforces the hypothesis that some Penicillium species could be used in formulating a control strategy.

Postharvest insect pests constitute major threats to food security because they cause qualitative and quantitative damage to agricultural produce. Therefore, eco-friendly and cost-effective measures should be used for their management. In this study, five botanical powders ( Trema orientalis and Crataeva religiosa leaves; and Citrus tangelo, Citrus maxima and Citrus aurantifolia peels) were admixed with Spintor® [1.25 active ingredient (a.i.) mg · kg ^–1] and evaluated as toxicants against Tribolium castaneum. Each botanical powder and spintor was solely applied at 1000 mg · kg ^–1 millet seeds. Spintor-botanical powder mixtures admixed at a ratio of 1 : 1 (w/w) were applied at 500 and 1000 mg · kg ^–1, corresponding to 0.313 and 0.625 a. i. mg · kg ^–1 for spintor in the mixtures, respectively. On the 14th day of exposure, the Citrus species admixed with spintor and applied at 500 mg · kg ^–1 evoked significantly (p < 0.05) higher percentage mortality (72.22–90.28%) than what was observed in the mixture of spintor with T. orientalis (22.08%) or the mixture of spintor with C. religosa (17.92%) applied at 500 mg · kg ^–1. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the Kaplan-Meier estimates of the treatments against the insects. The time required to kill 50% of the assayed insects (LT50) when Citrus species were admixed with spintor at 500 mg · kg ^–1 (10 days) was shorter than 14 days observed in the mixture of spintor with T. orientalis or C. religiosa. Therefore, admixing spintor with any of the Citrus powders [at 1 : 1 (w/w)] applied at 500 mg · kg ^–1 seed is recommended for the protection of millet seeds against T. castaneum.,

Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been applied for many years in the production of pigs to reduce the number of diarrhoea in weaned piglets. In June 2022, the European Union banned the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) in pig feed. According to scientific reports, the may reason was the accumulation of this microelement in the environment of pig production. It has been shown that frequent application of ZnO can lead to increased antibiotic resistance in pathogenic swine microflora. The main alternatives to ZnO are probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, essential oils, and liquid feeding systems.
Alternatives to ZnO can be successfully used in pig production to reduce the number of diarrhoea among piglets during the postweaning period. Additional reports indicated that bacteriophage supplementation has a positive effect on the health of pigs. The article provides an overview of current ZnO substitutes that can be used in pig farming.

CVM ( Complex Vertebral Malformations) and Brachyspina (BY) are the most common autosomal recessive genetic defects occurring in the last two decades in Holstein dairy cattle around the world. Beginning from 2004 and 2014, 3035 and 338 Polish Holstein-Friesian bulls were tested to find carriers of CVM and BY, respectively. Among analyzed bulls 191 CVM carriers (6.29%) and 20 BY carriers (5.92%) were identified. No CVM carriers were observed beginning from 2016, whereas only single BY carriers was identified annually for the last 5 years. One bull turned to be double CVM/ BY carrier as a son of also double CVM/BY top Dutch sire (JABOT 90676-4-9). It is shown that CVM and BY defects are practically eradicated from Polish dairy cattle although incidental testing should be continued if new bulls with CVM or BY carriers in sire or dam pedigree will unexpectedly appear.

The aim of the study was to develop a method of laparoscopic embryo transfer in pigs and to compare different variants of this method. Two catheter diameters (1.6 mm and 1.0 mm), the method and site of embryo deposition (oviduct or uterus), the embryo development stage (2 – 4 cell or blastocyst), the method for oviduct or uterus stabilization, the potential for cryopreserved embryo transfer, the developmental potential of the embryos after transfer to the oviduct, patomorphology of the oviduct after transfer and possible clinical complications were taken into consideration. Two studies compared two variants of transfer to the uterus, and five variants of transfer to the fallopian tube. The transfer of embryos by the infundibulum may be of limited use due to handling problems and very low efficiency (pregnancy was not achieved). Very low efficiency was shown after transfer of vitrified embryos. Transfer to the fallopian tube by puncture of the fallopian tube, regardless of the developmental stage of the embryo, is the recommended method of embryo transfer. The histopathological examination of the fallopian tube revealed possible changes within the puncture site. The numerous clinical complications observed did not affect the effectiveness of the method.

Antibiotics are used for postsurgical wound healing purposes but unfortunately, resistance against them demands some alternatives for quick recovery. Sepsis of wounds is a challenge for medical as well as veterinary professionals. Nanoparticles have significant advantages in wound treatment and drug resistance reversal. This study was conducted to appreciate emerging alternates of antibiotics like zinc oxide nanoparticles and plant extracts in topical application. Zinc oxide is considered a good wound healer and its nanoparticles are easy to access. So, the efficacies of zinc oxide nanoparticles and sweet flag plant extract ointments were tested to compare modern and traditional therapeutics as sweet flag is considered a pure medicinal plant. Rabbits were selected for this study due to the healing properties of their skin. Wounds were inflicted on the thoracolumbar region and treated for 29 days post-surgically daily with normal saline and the ointment of zinc oxide nanoparticles and sweet flag extract ointment, prepared in a hydrophilic solvent. Wound shrinkage was observed daily and histopathological analysis was made and results were compared. Zinc oxide nanoparticles ointment showed the most satisfactory results for every parameter included in the study. No side effects of its topical application were observed. Healing was normal without any complications. The preparations of zinc oxide nanoparticles may help in the era of antibiotic resistance as topical drugs in the future.

Seminal plasma (SP) proteins are responsible for sperm functional quality. Developing a reliable method to determine the degree of oxidative damage of these proteins is important for establishing semen fertilizing ability. The main aim of the study was to verify the applicability of protein carbonyl derivatives measurement in the SP of canine and stallion, using a method with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). The research material consisted of ejaculates obtained from eight English Springer Spaniels, and from seven half-blood stallions during the breeding and non-breeding season. The content of carbonyl groups in the SP was measured on the basis of the reactions with DNPH. The following reagent variants were used to dissolve protein precipitates: Variant 1 (V1) – 6M Guanidine solution and Variant 2 (V2) – 0.1M NaOH solution. It has been shown that to obtain reliable results for the measurement of protein carbonylated groups in the dog and horse SP, both 6M Guanidine and 0.1M NaOH may be used. A correlation was also found between the number of carbonyl groups and the total protein content in the canine (V1: r = -0.724; V2: r = -0.847) and stallion (V1: r = -0.336; V2: r = -0.334) SP. Additionally, the study showed a higher content (p≤0.05) of protein carbonyl groups in the stallion SP in the non-breeding season compared to the breeding season. The method based on the reaction with DNPH, due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness, appears to be suitable for large-scale application in the determination of the SP proteins oxidative damage in dog and horse semen.

Blastocystis spp. is a parasite that causes intestinal infection in humans and other animals. A few studies have been performed in Turkey on the distribution of Blastocystis in cattle. In this study, fecal samples were collected from 100 calves and subjected to analysis based on an SSU rRNA gene fragment. The overall prevalence of the disease was determined as 15% (15/100). This rate was 14.04% for females and 16.28% for males. In addition, three Blastocystis subtypes were identified: ST10, ST14, and novel subtypes ST25. To our knowledge, the ST25 subtype was reported with this study for the first time in Turkey. The nucleotide sequences (OM920832-OM920839) obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank. The results obtained will be useful for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis spp., and its effects on public health.

A sound knowledge of horseshoe impact on blood flow parameters is required for making shoeing decisions and selecting the most appropriate types of shoes. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of horse shoeing with egg bar shoes and shoes with wedge pads on blood flow parameters in the lateral palmar digital artery measured by Doppler ultrasound. The study was conducted on 16 horses divided into two groups. Horses from group 1 were shod with egg bar shoes. Horses from group 2 were shod with shoes with wedge pads. Doppler ultrasound parameters of the lateral palmar digital artery at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint were evaluated. Doppler tests were performed before and after shoeing within a monthly interval. The results of the study indicate that egg bar shoes have a greater impact on blood circulation in the distal part of the equine limb than shoes with wedge pads. However, the only parameters to have changed substantially after shoeing with egg bar shoes were end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and mean velocity (Vmn) in the lateral palmar digital artery. A low-resistance blood flow pattern was noted before shoeing. After shoeing in group 1, it remained unchanged in 5 horses, whereas a high-resistance pattern was observed in 3 animals. A low-resistance blood flow pattern was noted in all group 2 horses after shoeing. The difference between the analyzed shoeing techniques could be attributed to increased pressure in the heel bulb area in horses shod with egg bar shoes. Wedge pads shift the load away from the heel bulbs, which might reduce the pressure on the palmar digital vessels and exert a smaller influence on the parameters measured in the Doppler ultrasound test.

Testicular torsion is a frequently encountered clinical condition that requires urgent treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) in treating the pathological condition due to ischemia and reperfusion injury by using biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods.
A total of 6 groups were formed with 8 male Wistar Albino rats in each group. Group 1 (n=8): control group, Group 2 (n=8): Anise aqueous solution was given orally 5 ml/kg by gavage for 30 days. Group 3 (n=8): Ischemia and Reperfusion (I/R) group, bilateral testicles were rotated 270° and reperfused after 30 minutes of ischemia. Group 4 (n=8): I/R+ Anise group, Group 5 (n=8): Anise+ I/R group and Group 6 (n=8): Anise+ I/R+ Anise group.
The results of the Anise group and the Control group were similar. However, the damage in the I/R group was considerably more severe than in any of the other study groups. While it was observed that spermatogenic cells started to regenerate in the I/R+Anise group, edema and congestion were observed in the Anise+I/R group. In the Anise+I/R+Anise group, all histological findings and biochemical parameters were similar to those of the control group.
It was observed that anise had protective effects in ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat testicles.

Salmonella contamination in poultry feed is one of the main issues in poultry industry and public health. The aim of the present study was molecular detection and typing of Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry feeds. Moreover, we determined the antibiotic resistance pattern and the ability of biofilm formation in the serotypes. To this end, eighty feed samples were collected from aviculture depots. Salmonella serotypes were identified by culture and PCR methods. For serological identification, a slide agglutination test was used. BOXAIR and rep-PCR methods were applied to evaluate the diversity of serotypes. The disc diffusion method was performed to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of serotypes to sixteen antibiotics. Biofilm formation was also assessed by the microtiter-plate test. From a total of 80 feed samples, 30 samples were contaminated with Salmonella spp., which were divided into 5 different serotypes belonging to B, C, and D serogroups. BOXAIR-PCR (D value [DI] 0.985) and rep-PCR (DI 0.991) fingerprinting of isolates revealed 23 and 19 reproducible fingerprint patterns, respectively. A higher antibiotic resistance was observed to ampicillin and doxycycline (100% each), followed by chloramphenicol (83.33%) and tetracycline (73.33%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in all Salmonella serotypes. Half of the serotypes possessed the ability of biofilm formation with varied adhesion strengths. These results revealed the high and unexpected prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in poultry feed with MDR and biofilm formation ability. BOXAIR and rep-PCR revealed a high diversity of Salmonella serotypes in feeds and subsequently indicated variation in the source of Salmonella spp. The unknown sources harboring high diversity of Salmonella serotypes indicated poor control, which could cause problems for feed manufacturing.

Highly immunogenic nucleotide fragments from 3 genes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 were selected using information software technology. After repeating each fragment three times, a total of 9 nucleotide fragments were joined together to form a new nucleotide sequence called Mhp232_1092bp. Mhp232_1092bp was directly synthesized and cloned into a pET100 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. After purification, the proteins were successfully validated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using mouse His-tag antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with purified proteins in the high-dose (100 μg), medium-dose group (50 μg) and low-dose (10 μg) groups. Mice in each group were injected on day 1, day 8 and day 15 of feeding, respectively. Serum samples were collected from all mice on the day before immunization and on day 22 after immunization. The antibody level in the mouse serum was detected using western blotting using purified expressed proteins as antigens. IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were simultaneously detected in the mouse serum by ELISA. The results showed that the 60 kDa protein was successfully expressed and reacted specifically with the specific serum Mhp His-Tag mouse monoclonal antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. From day 0 to day 22 of immunization, IFN-γ increased from 269.52 to 467.74 pg/mL, IL-2 increased from 14.03 to 145.16 pg/mL, and TNF-α increased from 6.86 to 12.37 pg/mL. The IgG antibody in mice increased significantly from 0 day to day 22 after immunization. This study suggests that the expressed recombinant protein may serve as one of the novel vaccine candidates for Mhp.

Cultivation-based assays represent the gold standard for the assessment of virus infectivity; however, they are time-consuming and not suitable for every virus type. Pre-treatment with platinum (Pt) compounds followed by real-time PCR has been shown to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious RNA viruses. This study examined the effect of Pt and palladium (Pd) compounds on enveloped DNA viruses, paying attention to two significant pathogens of livestock – bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and African swine fever virus (ASFV). Native or heat-treated BoHV-1 suspension was incubated with the spectrum of Pt/Pd compounds. Bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) dichloride (BB-PdCl ₂) and dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadiene) palladium(II) (PdCl ₂-COD) produced the highest differences found between native and heat- -treated viruses. Optimized pre-treatment conditions (1 mM of Pd compound, 15 min, 4°C) were applied on both virus genera and the heat inactivation profiles were assessed. A significant decrease in the detected quantity of BoHV-1 DNA and ASFV DNA after heat-treatment (60°C and 95°C) and consequent incubation with Pd compounds was observed. BB-PdCl ₂ and PdCl ₂-COD could help to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious enveloped DNA viruses such as BoHV-1 or ASFV.

Many viruses are involved in concomitant infections, which are prevalent in nature. In mixed infections, one or both infectious agents may be increased, reduced, or both may be increased while the other is suppressed. Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine parvovirus- 2 (CPV-2) are important causes of gastroenteritis in dogs. Detection of these viruses is challenging since the symptoms are very similar. CDV is a member of the morbillivirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family, and CPV-2 is a member of the Protoparvovirus genus in the Parvoviridae family; and both predominantly affect puppies and induce gastrointestinal symptoms in dogs. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the differential diagnosis of dogs with gastrointestinal symptoms. A PCR technique with specific primers was used to identify CDV and CPV-2 infections in gastroenteric dogs, and clinical changes in the infected dogs were monitored. The VP2 structural gene of CPV and the nucleocapsid gene of CDV were partially amplified in the study. PCR amplified the partial fragments of the CDV nucleocapsid (287 bp) and CPV-2 VP2 proteins (583 bp) from feces. In total, 3 out of 36 stool samples were positive for CDV and CPV-2 in the same dogs. Gasterointestinal symptoms also supported the diagnosis of concomitant infection with CDV and CPV-2 in these dogs. Dehydration and diarrhea in dogs can be signs of various diseases, such as viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. After the elimination of non-viral pathogens, CDV and CPV-2 should also be simultaneously investigated to establish what is causing these symptoms. This study demonstrates the potential utility of correct diagnosis for the control of viral infection in dogs, but more research with a broader use of PCR-based detections is needed to assess its impact on differential diagnosis for concomitant infections.

Studies on serum interleukin (IL)-31 levels in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) and their correlation with disease severity are limited. To the author’s knowledge, there are no studies that measured serum IL-31 in dogs treated with lokivetmab injections, a selective inhibitor of this key cytokine in pruritus. The aim of the study was to evaluate serum IL-31 levels in dogs treated with lokivetmab and correlate it with the severity of canine atopic dermatitis using the pruritus visual analog scale (pVAS) and canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI-04). Ten client-owned dogs diagnosed with AD received two injections of lokivetmab four weeks apart. Disease severity was assessed using the pVAS and CADESI-04 scores before and after both injections. In addition, canine serum IL-31 levels were measured at the same moments. Serum IL-31 was detected in all dogs in the study. There was a significant reduction in pVAS scores and serum IL-31 after administrations. However, there was no difference in CADESI-04 scores, and there was no significant correlation between CADESI-04 scores and serum IL-31 in dogs diagnosed with AD. Nonetheless, a significant positive correlation was observed between the pVAS scores and serum IL-31 levels with lokivetmab therapy, which reinforces the role of IL-31 in the pathogenesis of pruritus in dogs with AD. The data presented here provide further evidence that IL-31 is directly involved in pruritus pathogenesis in dogs with AD. In addition, blocking IL-31 has a significant antipruritic effect, but has no influence on skin lesion severity and extension.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the fertility response of dairy cows with anovulation type I on repeated low doses of GnRH agonist buserelin. The study was conducted on 83 anovulatory and 60 cyclic Polish Holstein Friesian cows. Anovulation type I was defined as small ovaries with follicles of ≤ 5 mm in diameter and without corpus luteum on two examinations in a 7-10 day interval between 50–60 days after parturition. Cows from the experimental group (n=58) received 0.4 μg of buserelin i.m. once a day for 5 consecutive days. Cows from the negative control group (n = 25) received saline. Sixty cyclic cows receiving no treatment served as positive controls. Intervals from calving to estrus and from calving to conception, pregnancy rate 30-35 days and 260 days after AI, and pregnancy loss were calculated. The anovulatory cows had a substantially prolonged calving to conception interval, decreased pregnancy rate and increased pregnancy loss and culling rate compared to cyclic herd mates. The average calving to conception interval was significantly (p<0.05) shorter in treated cows compared to non-treated anovulatory cows (153.7 days vs 209.3 days). In conclusion, repeated low doses of GnRH analogue buserelin led to a significant shortening of calving to conception interval. More clinical trials are needed to determine the practical usefulness of this method for the treatment of anovulation type I in dairy cows.

This is the first study to identify 23 protein spots corresponding to 13 proteins in mitochondria isolated from rabbit epididymal spermatozoa. In the group of protein spots identified in stress-induced samples, the abundance of 20 protein spots increased, whereas the abundance of three protein spots (GSTM3, CUNH9orf172, ODF1) decreased relative to the control. The results of this study provide valuable inputs for future research into the molecular mechanisms implicated in pathological processes during oxidative stress (OS).

A separate, cat-specific hospitalization room away from dogs is recommended to reduce stress in cats; however, this can be difficult for some hospitals to provide. In such cases, measures are undertaken to reduce the cat’s stress by providing a place to hide. However, inability to observe the cat’s condition may be an obstacle to providing veterinary care. The use of a one-way mirror to create a sheltered environment while allowing observation of the cats was assessed. Five healthy cats were assessed using the Cat Stress Score (CSS) while in a cage with either a transparent panel or a one-way mirror. No significant differences in the CSS between the transparent panel and one-way mirror were observed. Variations in the CSS scores depended on the cat’s personality, with friendlier and more sociable cats showing a lower CSS with the one-way mirror. A one-way mirror may be useful to reduce stress in hospitalized cats.