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Hydrogen production in Poland – the current state and directions of development

Aleksandra Komorowska Eugeniusz Mokrzycki Lidia Gawlik

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 81-98

Keywords Poland hydrogen production efficiency

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Abstract

In the era of the fight against global warming and in light of the search for energy with the least possible impact on the environment, interest in hydrogen has become a natural direction of development. Striving for a zero-emission Europe by 2050, the EU promotes low-emission and ultimately emission-free hydrogen for the widest possible use in the economy. Poland has developed a strategic document specifying the necessary activities for the use of hydrogen in the economy, which should at the same time maintain its competitiveness. Poland is currently the third producer of hydrogen in the European Union, which enables strategic thinking about maintaining Poland as a leading player on the hydrogen market in the long term. Currently, hydrogen in Poland is produced by (usually large) state-owned enterprises for their own needs with only a small margin of its resale. This is conventional hydrogen that is mainly obtained from natural gas. Therefore, it is difficult to talk about the hydrogen market, which must develop so that this raw material can be widely used in many branches of the modern economy. However, this requires taking a number of legislative, research and development and investment activities, as well as directing the national energy transformation to renewable energy sources, which may ultimately reduce the costs of pure hydrogen production. A number of actions have been taken, but the delay in legislative actions is slowing down the creation of the hydrogen market and is limiting the interest of private businesses in engaging in transformation activities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Komorowska

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ORCID:

Eugeniusz Mokrzycki

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Lidia Gawlik

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Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute PAS, Poland

Efficiency of use of fuel and energy resources of Ukraine: assessment, simulation and forecasting

Uliana Andrusiv Nazariy Popadynets Halyna Zelinska Oleksiy Krasnorutskyy Valentyna Yakubiv Yuliia Maksymiv Iryna Hryhoruk Roman Shchur Yaroslav Lapchuk

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 63-80

Keywords resources energy efficiency model assessment national economy

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Abstract

This work focuses on the fact that the realities of today’s Ukrainian economy require not only recovery but also an increase in the volume of production of products produced by energy-intensive enterprises in the industry to the pre-crisis level, which stimulated the following: an increase in the demand for fuel and energy resources (FER); the increase in the cost of imported natural gas and oil, which became an excessive burden for domestic economic entities and the state budget and led to increased dependence on the geopolitical influence of the Russian Federation; the weakening of Ukraine’s position on the global energy market as a transporter of energy resources; increased competition in the global, national and regional markets of FER under the influence of the growth of general demand, etc. It was confirmed through analysis that the priority of the state policy in the field of the energy security of Ukraine will continue to be the stimulation of the implementation of energy-saving measures and the improvement of the efficiency of the use of FER by attracting all possible incentives at all levels of management. A visualized model is proposed which will make it possible to systematically manage the processes of the effective use of FES; an action algorithm has been developed that will allow solving problems that arise in changing external and internal environments, simplifying the decision-making procedure regarding the effectiveness of the use of FER, and reducing their specific costs. The assessment and forecasting of the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy was conducted using additive and multiplicative convolutions, which made it possible to forecast the energy efficiency index until 2035 in accordance with the adopted energy strategy of the state. It was determined that the strategic directions of increasing energy efficiency and realizing the energy potential of Ukraine remain the technological and structural restructuring of the economy, social infrastructure, and the creation of the economic, managerial and legal mechanisms necessary for the implementation of the state energy efficiency policy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Uliana Andrusiv

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Nazariy Popadynets

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Halyna Zelinska

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Oleksiy Krasnorutskyy

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Valentyna Yakubiv

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Yuliia Maksymiv

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Iryna Hryhoruk

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Roman Shchur

5

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Yaroslav Lapchuk

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Department of Economics Theory and Management, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, Ukraine
Institute of Entrepreneurship and Perspective Technologies of Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ukraine
Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil And Gas, Ukraine
Sumy National Agrarian University, Ukraine
Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Ukraine
Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University of Drohobytsk, Ukraine

Challenges of the energy transition in Poland – deliberative democracy as a tool for activating the civil society

Olga Julita Janikowska

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 45-62

Keywords restructuration NGOs civil society energy transformation renewable energy sector political transformation

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Abstract

The Polish political transformation of 1989 brought significant changes not only on the political and social levels but also on the economic level. The Polish economy, which until then had been a centrally planned economy, had to be rapidly changed into a free market economy. As a result of this, a lot of areas of the economy had to be transformed including the mining industry, especially hard-coal mining. In 1990, there were seventy-one mines in operation in Poland, employing nearly 400,000 people. The process of decommissioning these mines, which continues to this day, began in 1994. Walbrzych coal mines were among the first to be liquidated. Poland has long been dependent on coal for energy production, but the country is facing increasing pressure in the transition to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources in order to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change in order to fulfil EU climate policy assumptions. Civil society organizations in Poland were associated with the political transformation, as the changes in the system has opened the doors for the social participation in decision-making processes. Civil society organizations in Poland have been actively pushing for policies and initiatives that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and the phasing out of coal. However, it should be underlined that the role of civil society in energy transformation is crucial as on the one hand, it should be an advocate of change, but on the other hand, civil society has to take an active part in the discussion on the challenges of the transformation, such a change in the employment structure which is an inevitable consequence of the energy transition. The scope of the paper is to provide a set of tools for the civil society participating in energy transformation processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Olga Julita Janikowska

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The Division of Strategic Research, Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy ofSciences, Poland

Tools for modeling the level of harmonic distortion in power grids and their impact

Juliya Malogulko Vira Teptia Natalia Ostra Olena Sikorska Kateryna Povstianko

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 19-44

Keywords energy quality harmonics harmonic calculation energy saving technologies nonlinear consumers

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Abstract

The impact of harmonic distortions on power grids is a major issue in contemporary power networks as a result of the extensive application of non-linear loads. The purpose of this article is to explore the problem of harmonic distortion in power grids and its impact on the elements of the power grid, such as cable lines and transformers. The Schaffner PQS software product was used in this study to model power grids. New techniques for modeling power grids and finding technical solutions that meet the IEEE 519-2014 standard were introduced. The study finds that harmonic distortion can lead to an additional heat load being placed on cable lines and reduces the power available to transformers, which can decrease their rated power. The application of modern software reduces the time and complexity of calculations, and the availability of software solutions for limiting harmonic distortion simplifies the creation of solutions that meet this standard. Using the methods presented in the study, engineering solutions can be improved, the reliability of electrical systems can be increased, and the loss of electrical energy can be reduced. This can enhance efficiency for design engineers and technical specialists involved in the operation of power grids.

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Authors and Affiliations

Juliya Malogulko

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Vira Teptia

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Natalia Ostra

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ORCID:

Olena Sikorska

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Kateryna Povstianko

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Vinnytsia National Technical University, Ukraine

Integrated models of the combination of EU grant funding and private funding in the energy sector of Ukraine based on Public-Private Partnership

Aleksandra Kuzior Viacheslav Liashenko Iryna Petrova Oleksandr Serdiuk

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 165-194

Keywords VOSviewer public-private partnerships post-war recovery Ukraine energy infrastructure energy sector

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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Kuzior

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Viacheslav Liashenko

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Iryna Petrova

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Oleksandr Serdiuk

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Silesian University of Technology, Poland; Department Applied Social Science, Silesian University of Technology, Poland; Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
Institute of Industrial Economy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine

Autonomous hybrid power plants based on renewable and traditional sources of electricity

Maksat Sadykov Aibek Almanbetov Ilias Ryskulov Turdumambet Barpybaev Alaibek Kurbanbaev

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 149-164

Keywords power plant inexhaustible resources batteries load frequency balancing system

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Abstract

The purpose of this study is to consider a passive balancing system for battery storage which in the future will increase their reliability, reduce maintenance costs, reduce wear and tear and increase service life, as well as to study a new method of quasi-opposition search for harmony in order to stabilize the supplied electricity. To this end, various theoretical methods of scientific study (analysis, concretization, comparison, generalization) were applied. The method considered in this article for improving the performance of batteries using a passive balancing system, using the example of a typical structural diagram of an autonomous hybrid power plant presented here, would increase the efficiency of pre-project work on the development of highly efficient design and circuit solutions and increase the battery life. The new method of quasi-opposition searches for harmony for hybrid power plants based on renewable and traditional energy sources, taking into account features of their design and operation, would make it possible to stabilize the load frequency of the consumer at the time of switching the station between power sources. This study can be useful for the circle of people associated with energy, for students studying renewable energy in higher education institutions, as well as their teachers, in order to familiarize themselves with the problems of hybrid stations and find options for their solutions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maksat Sadykov

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Aibek Almanbetov

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Ilias Ryskulov

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Turdumambet Barpybaev

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Alaibek Kurbanbaev

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International University of Innovative Technologies and Energy, Kyrgyzstan
Institute of Innovative Technologies and Energy, Kyrgyzstan
I. Razzakov Kyrgyz State Technical University, Kyrgyzstan

A specific yield comparison of 2 photovoltaic installations – Polish case study

Emilia Kazanecka Piotr Olczak

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 129-148

Keywords energy prosumer photovoltaic PV specific yield

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Abstract

The energy sector, particularly that related to renewable energy, is growing rapidly. The analysis of factors influencing the production of electricity from solar radiation is important in terms of the ever-increasing number of photovoltaic (PV) installations. In Poland, the vast majority of installed PV capacity belongs to prosumers, so a comparative analysis was conducted for two domestic installations, one in southern Poland and the other located in central Poland. Operating conditions were compared, specifically with regard to irradiance, outdoor temperature and the calculated temperature of photovoltaic cells. The specific yield was then compared in daily, monthly and annual statements. The effects of the previously mentioned parameters on the energy yields of the two installations were considered. The installation in southern Poland in 2022 produced 5,136.6 kWh, which corresponds to a specific yield of 1,019.17 kWh/kWp, while the energy production of the installation in central Poland was 4,248.9 kWh, which corresponds to a specific yield of 965.67 kWh/kWp.

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Authors and Affiliations

Emilia Kazanecka

1

Piotr Olczak

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ORCID:

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences; AGH University of Science andTechnology, Kraków, Poland
Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

Policies to stimulate the output and employment effects of bioenergy resources in Poland and Ukraine

Galyna Trypolska

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 99-128

Keywords bioenergy employment energy policy of Poland energy policy of Ukraine

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Abstract

The paper aims to consider the available policies for biomass output as a feedstock for further bioenergy production in post-war Ukraine in order to draw conclusions and learn lessons for the further deployment of bioenergy in Ukraine, and to define the number of jobs that bioenergy has enabled and could contribute in both Poland and Ukraine in the future. Poland has significant biomass potential, the lion’s share of which is agricultural crop waste, corn, and dedicated energy crops. Ukraine has a significant potential for the production and use of biogas and biomethane due to available feedstock and a developed gas supply system. The employment factor method was used to estimate the number of jobs in bioenergy in Poland and Ukraine. Assessments, which are the main result of the work, indicate that the number of jobs in agriculture for feedstock production for energy purposes may reach thirty-three thousand by 2030 in Poland and thirteen thousand in Ukraine. Agribiomass crop production for energy purposes in Poland is supported by the Common Agriculture Policy of the EU. Energy producers from biomass have priority access to the grid and qualify for feed-in tariffs, premiums and auctions, and special financial programs. In Ukraine, biomass energy producers may have a feed-in tariff for biomass and biogas and a 10% lower tariff for heat from biomass than the tariff for heat from natural gas. Despite the benefits of biomass, the installed capacities for its utilization remain insufficient due to the existing barriers in both countries.
In the future, Ukraine will need to develop its agricultural biomass sector more actively than before in order to substitute natural gas and other energy carriers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Galyna Trypolska

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ORCID:

SO Institute for Economics and Forecasting, UNAS, Ukraine; Institute for Rural and Agricultural Development, PAS, Poland

Environmental indicators of the operation of a diesel generator running on a mixture of biofuels

Alexander Galushchak Serhii Burlaka Ihor Kupchuk Valerii Bondarenko Yaroslav Gontaruk

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 195-208

Keywords emissions greenhouse effect ecology energy generation

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Abstract

The article examines the environmental performance of a diesel generator that runs on a biofuel mixture. Biofuels are considered to be more environmentally friendly than traditional petroleum products and have become popular alternatives in the field of electricity production. To reduce dependence on petroleum fuels and decrease harmful exhaust-gas emissions from diesel generators, it is suggested to use biodiesel fuel and its mixture with diesel fuel. Various environmental indicators were measured and analyzed in this study, including the emissions of harmful substances, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates. By using biofuels, pollutant emissions are expected to be reduced because biofuels are made from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or biomass. The results of the study show that the use of a biofuel mixture in a diesel generator leads to a significant reduction in the emission of harmful substances compared to the use of traditional petroleum products. A reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides was found, which contributes to a reduction of the impact on climate change and air pollution. In addition, a decrease in particle emissions was noted, which contributes to the improvement of air quality and people’s health. The goal was achieved by researching the impact of a mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuel on the technical, economic and environmental indicators of an autonomous diesel generator. The regulation of the composition of the fuel mixture ensured the preservation of the power of the generator in all its modes of operation, while reducing the cost of purchasing fuel by 10% and reducing the smokiness of exhaust gas by up to 57%, depending on the mode of operation of the diesel engine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alexander Galushchak

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ORCID:

Serhii Burlaka

2

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ORCID:

Ihor Kupchuk

2

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ORCID:

Valerii Bondarenko

3

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ORCID:

Yaroslav Gontaruk

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ORCID:

Vinnytsia National Technical University, Ukraine
Engineering and Technology Faculty, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ukraine
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, Ukraine

Households in Poland vs. energy carriers: one year after Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 5-18

Keywords households coal natural gas Russian-Ukrainian war in 2022 Poland

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Abstract

Russia’s use of one of its energy resources as a tool of political pressure in 2021 destabilized the economies of many European countries. The energy crisis was exacerbated by the outbreak of Russia’s war with Ukraine in February 2022, when many countries, including those of the EU, responded by imposing sanctions on energy resources from Russia. The situation also affected Polish households. Until then, Russia had been Poland’s main supplier of coal and natural gas. It is estimated that 3.8 million households were threatened by the uncertainty of hard-coal supplies for the 2022/2023 heating season. The article presents an analysis of the supply and demand of the main fossil energy resources consumed by Polish households for heating purposes. Discussing the supply of a given raw material, both domestic production and imports are presented. The inability to increase domestic coal production for households in the short term (it is a long-term process) resulted in the introduction of intervention imports. In the case of imports, attention was paid to the need to change suppliers as well as import routes. The article also analyzes the prices of major energy carriers for domestic households from January 2018 to March 2023. Rapidly rising prices of hard coal at fuel depots in the third and fourth quarters of 2022 were higher than natural gas prices for households by PLN 13–16/GJ and amounted to PLN 81–101/GJ. By comparison, natural gas prices were then in the range of 65–88 PLN/GJ. In the first quarter of 2023, the prices of these two energy carriers had already reached a similar level (in the order of 80 PLN/GJ).

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj

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Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

Assessment of the potential of using CNG to power up passenger cars in Poland

Dominik Kryzia Monika Pepłowska

Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 209-220

Keywords economic efficiency Monte Carlo LPG CNG vehicles alternative fuels

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Abstract

This article presents the results of an assessment of the potential for the use of CNG in Poland as a fuel for passenger cars powered by an internal combustion engine fuelled by petrol or diesel. The basis for assessing the potential was an analysis of the economic efficiency of converting a passenger car fuelled by petrol or diesel to a dual-fuel vehicle by installing a CNG system. On the basis of available literature data, the vehicle structure was characterised using the following criteria: vehicle age, engine capacity, car-segment, type of fuel used and kerb weight. The average fuel consumption (petrol or diesel) of the vehicle before conversion was determined on the basis of specially developed statistical models. The conversion and operating costs of a vehicle fuelled with conventional fuel and with CNG (after vehicle conversion) were estimated on the basis of a stochastic simulation model using probability density distributions of vehicle parameters and the Monte Carlo method. The vehicle parameters were estimated so that the obtained set of vehicles reflected the actual structure of passenger cars in Poland. The estimated costs of vehicle conversion (purchase and installation of a CNG system) and its subsequent operating costs made it possible to assess the economic efficiency of the car conversion process. The potential use of CNG as a fuel for combustion cars was estimated by comparing the operating costs of a vehicle before conversion and the operating costs of a vehicle after conversion, taking into account the costs of conversion. Analogous calculations were carried out for the conversion of a vehicle to run on LPG, i.e. the most important competitor to CNG.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dominik Kryzia

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ORCID:

Monika Pepłowska

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ORCID:

Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

Kinetics of the Binding Process of Furan Moulding Sands, Under Conditions of Forced Air Flow, Monitored by the Ultrasonic Technique

Natalia Matonis

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 93-98 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146683

Keywords Self-hardening moulding sands Air flow Permeability Degree of hardening Ultrasound

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the kinetics of the binding process of self-hardening moulding sands with an organic binder under conditions of forced air flow at various pressure values. Three moulding sands made using urea-furfuryl resin Furanol FR75A technology were studied. The moulding sands were prepared on a base of quartz sand with an average grain size of dL = 0.25, 0.29 and and 0.37 mm , with permeability values of 306 , 391 and and 476 m ²/10 ⁸Pa ∙ s (for ρ0 = 1.60 , 1.60 and and 1.61 g/cm ³, respectively). The research was conducted for a resin content of 1% with a constant proportion of hardener to resin, which was equal to 50%. Samples of the tested moulding sands were blown with air at pressures of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 bar. The kinetics of the hardening process was monitored using ultrasound technology, according to a previously developed methodology [1]. The research was carried out on an ultrasound testing station equipped with a temperature chamber and an airflow reducer. The tests were conducted at a temperature of 20°C, and of the air flow pressure on the changes in ultrasonic wave velocity in the hardening mouldins sand as a function of time, the kinetics of the hardening process, and the degree of moulding sand hardening were determined. Additionally, the influence of the moulding sand permeability on the course of the hardening process at a constant air flow pressure was determined.

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Bibliography

[1] Zych, J. (2007). Synthesis of the applications of ultrasonic technology in the analysis of the kinetics of selected processes occurring in molding materials. AGH Uczelniane Wydawnictwa Naukowo-Dydaktyczne. Seria: Rozprawy i Monografie nr 163, Kraków. (in Polish).
[2] Holtzer, M., Kmita, A. & Roczniak, A. (2014). New furfuryl resins more environmentally friendly. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14(spec.4), 51-54. (in Polish).
[3] Lewandowski, J.L. (1997). Materials for casting molds. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Akapit. (in Polish).
[4] Lewandowski, J.L (1971). Molding materials. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (in Polish).
[5] Dobosz, St.M. (2006). Water in molding and core sands. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Akapit. (in Polish).
[6] Drożyński, D. (1999). Post-surface phenomena in the process of binding masses in the classic cold-box technology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, AGH Univesity of Science and Technology, Kraków. (in Polish).
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[9] Matonis, N. & Zych, J. (2022). Plasticity changes of moulding sands with chemical binders caused by increasing the hardenin degree. Archives od Foundry Engineering. 22(2), 71-76. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140227.
[10] Zych, J. (1999). Patent Nr PL 192202 B1. Kraków

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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Matonis

1

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ORCID:

AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, Poland

Forecasting the Natural Frequency of the Brake Disc casting

Andrzej Zyska Mariusz Bieroński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 87-92 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146682

Keywords Gray cast iron Brake discs ultrasonic method Elastic property Natural vibrations

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of calculations and measurements of the first natural frequency of castings of solid and ventilated brake discs made of gray cast iron of the EN-GJL-200 class. The tests were carried out for three types of chemical composition, taking into account the permissible minimum and maximum content of alloying elements. Numerical simulations of natural vibrations were carried out on the basis of our own production material databases. To determine the elastic properties of cast iron, the ultrasonic method with the measurement of the propagation velocity of longitudinal and transverse waves was used. Measurements were made directly on casts of raw discs of various thicknesses. The values of Young's modulus and Poisson's number calculated from ultrasonic measurements were used to define the stiffness matrix in the equilibrium equation, which is solved by the solver of the MSC Nastran program. A high compatibility between the results of numerical simulations and the results of experimental FRF frequency analysis was obtained. The differences between the calculated and actual values were at the level of several hertz, while the estimated average error of numerical simulations was 0.76%. It was also found out that cast iron melts for brake discs must be subject to strict control in terms of chemical composition. Slight deviations of the eutectic saturation coefficient from the optimal value cause a significant change in the first natural frequency of the brake discs, regardless of their geometry.

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Bibliography

[1] Zagrajek, T., Krzesiński, G., Marek, P. (2006). Finite element method in structural mechanics. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej. (in Polish).
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[3] Lü, H. & Yu, D. (2014). Brake squeal reduction of vehicle disc brake system with interval parameters by uncertain optimization. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 333(26), 7313-7325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2014.08.027.
[4] Yoon, J., Park, J. & Min, S. (2022). Optimal disc brake design for reducing squeal instability using slip-dependent complex eigenvalue analysis. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing. 177, 109240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp. 2022.109240.
[5] Liu, P., Zheng, H., Cai, C., Wang, Y.Y., Lu, C., Ang, K.H. & Liu G.R. (2007). Analysis of disc brake squeal using the complex eigenvalue method. Applied Acoustics. 68(6), 603-615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2006.03.012.
[6] Sinou, J.-J. (2010). Transient non-linear dynamic analysis of automotive disc brake squeal – On the need to consider both stability and non-linear analysis. Mechanics Research Communications. 37(1), 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.mechrescom.2009.09.002.
[7] Nouby, M., Mathivanan, D. & Srinivasan, K. (2009). A combined approach of complex eigenvalue analysis and design of experiments (DOE) to study disc brake squeal. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. 1(1), 254-271. DOI: 10.4314/ijest.v1i1.58084 .
[8] Armstrong, P.E., in: R.F. Bunshan (Ed.) (1971). Measurement of Mechanical Properties, Techniques of Metals Research. vol. V (Part 2). New York: Wiley.
[9] Radovic, M., Lara-Curzio, E., Riester, L. (2004). Comparison of different experimental techniques for determination of elastic properties of solids. Materials Science and Engineering A. 368(1-2), 56-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.msea.2003.09.080.
[10] Migliori, A., Sarrao, J.L. (1997). Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy: Applications to Physics. Materials Measurements and Nondestructive Evaluation. , New York: Wiley.
[11] Wadsworth, H.M. (1990). Handbook of Statistical Methods for Engineers and Scientists. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill.
[12] WT/054/PIMOT/93 (1993). Brake discs of motor vehicles. Security requirements. (in Polish).
[13] Wehr, J. (1972). Measurements of the speed and attenuation of ultrasonic waves. Warszawa: PWN.
[14] Konopka, Z., Łągiewka, M. & Zyska, A. (2020). Influence of cast iron modification on free vibration frequency of casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 20(1), 23-26. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.131277.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Zyska

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Mariusz Bieroński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Department of Metallurgy and Metal Technology, Czestochowa University of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
Brembo Poland Sp. z o.o., ul. Roździeńskiego 13, 41-308 Dąbrowa Górnicza

Selective Laser Melting Process Parameter Optimization on Density and Corrosion Resistance of 17-4PH Stainless Steel

Priya Sahadevan Chithirai Pon Selvan G C Manjunath Patel Amiya Bhaumik

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 105-116 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146685

Keywords 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Density Corrosion studies SLM

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Abstract

The 17-4 PH Stainless Steel material is known for its higher strength and, therefore, extensively used to build structures for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy applications. The parts must operate satisfactorily in different environmental conditions to widen the diverse application. The selective laser melting (SLM) technique build parts cost-effectively, ensuring near-net shape manufacturability. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance operating at different conditions were used to develop parts and optimize for higher density in printed parts. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance resulted in the percent contribution towards density equal to 73.74%, 24.48%, and 1.78%. The optimized conditions resulted in higher density and relative density equal to 7.76 g/cm ³ and 99.48%. Printed parts' corrosion rate and wear loss showed more stability in NaCl corrosive medium even at 75 °C than 1M of HCL corrosive medium. Less pitting corrosion was observed on the samples treated in NaCl solution at 25 °C and 75 °C at 72 Hrs than in HCL solution. Therefore, 17-4 PH SS parts are best suited even in marine applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

Priya Sahadevan

1

Chithirai Pon Selvan

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

G C Manjunath Patel

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

Amiya Bhaumik

1

Lincoln University College Selangor, Malaysia
Curtin University Dubai, United Arab Emirates
PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India

Examination of the Force Parameters in Drawing Process of CuZn39Pb3 Cast Rod using Selected Lubricants

Michał Jabłoński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 99-104 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146684

Keywords Plastic working mechanical properties Lubricant coefficient of friction CuZn39Pb3 cast rod

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on the wire drawing process of wire brass using different deformation degree and using selected lubricants of different viscosity. The material used for the study was CuZn39Pb3 wire, which was obtained under laboratory horizontal continuous casting process using graphite crystallizer. A cast brass rod with a diameter of 9.4 mm was drawn in laboratory conditions to a diameter of 3 mm and then drawn in one operation to a diameter of 2.9 mm, 2.65 mm or 2.4 mm. Before the final deformation process, the wire surfaces were properly prepared. Based on the results obtained, the drawing tension was used to draw conclusions. The oxide surface has been shown to increase drawing tension and decrease quality of wires, while the surface that has been etched prior to deformation has a beneficial effect both on the reduction of the strength parameters of the drawing process as well as on the improvement of its quality. In addition, it has been shown that despite the emulsion has lowest dynamic viscosity that’s protect wire surface well, decrease the drawing force at high unit loads.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Jabłoński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Non-Ferrous Metals, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland

The Effect of Microalloying (Nb, V) and Interstitial (C, N) Elements on Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steels

Przemysław Marynowski Marcin Hojny Tomasz Dębiński

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 127-136 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146687

Keywords Microalloyed steels Mechanical properties precipitations carbonitrides

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Abstract

The microalloying elements such as Nb, V are added to control the microstructure and mechanical properties of microalloyed (HSLA) steels. High chemical affinity of these elements for interstitials (N, C) results in precipitation of binary compound, nitrides and carbides and products of their mutual solubility – carbonitrides. The chemical composition of austenite, as well as the content and geometric parameters of undissolved precipitates inhibiting the growth of austenite grains is important for predicting the microstructure, and thus the mechanical properties of the material. Proper selection of the chemical composition of the steel makes it possible to achieve the required properties of the steel at the lowest possible manufacturing cost. The developed numerical model of carbonitrides precipitation process was used to simulate and predict the mechanical properties of HSLA steels. The effect of Nb and V content to change the yield strength of these steels was described. Some comparison with literature was done.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Marynowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Marcin Hojny

1

Tomasz Dębiński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Poland

Quantitative Prediction of Air Entrainment Defects in Casting Filling Process

Yajun Yin Yao Xie Yingchen Song Xu Shen Xiaoyuan Ji Jianxin Zhou

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 117-126 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146686

Keywords Casting Numerical simulation Gas entrainment defect Filling process

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Abstract

Air entrainment defect is a common type of defect in the casting process, which will seriously affect the quality of the casting. Numerical simulation technology can predict the occurrence of casting defects according to the evolution law of liquid metal in the process of fill ing and solidification. The simulation of air entrainment process is a hot and difficult issue in the field of numerical simulation. The evolution law of air entrainment and the tracking of induced bubbles in the process of metal filling are still lacking. So is the quantitative prediction of trained gas. In this paper, based on the numerical simulation software of Inte CAST, this paper proposes an algorithm for air entrainment search and tracking, which is used to develop a quantitative prediction system for air entrainment. The feasibility of the system is verified through the simulation calculation of the typical test pieces of the air entrainment and the prediction of air entrainment defects of the casting in the process of filling is obtained through the simulation calculation of the actual casting, which can provide a certain guiding role for the optimization of the process in the production practice.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Yajun Yin

1

Yao Xie

2

Yingchen Song

1

Xu Shen

1

Xiaoyuan Ji

1

Jianxin Zhou

1

Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
State Key Laboratory of Special Rare Metal Materials, China

Preface

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | II-III | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.148026

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Biographical notes

William James Kennedy

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 479-503

Keywords Cretaceous Ammonites Taxonomy evolution

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Abstract

In this autobiographical note I describe my childhood and early University days in London, including the initiation of research on the Cenomanian chalks of southern England under the supervision of the late Jake Hancock, who was to become the closest of friends and collaborators for nearly 40 years. Appointment to a teaching post in Oxford in 1967 led, eventually, to the directorship of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History in 2003, until retirement in 2010. It was my good fortune to travel widely in connection with research on the Cretaceous across Europe and the United States, but particularly in KwaZulu Natal in South Africa, leading to a career long collaboration with Herbert Klinger (Cape Town). Collaboration has been the key to my research, collaboration with Jake and Herbie, and many others, including Bill Cobban, Andy Gale, Pierre Juignet, Herbert Summesberger, Irek Walaszczyk, and Willy Wright. These collaborations led to publications that dealt with ammonite faunas from The Antarctic Peninsula to Greenland, and from the United States Western Interior to Australia, as listed below.

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Authors and Affiliations

William James Kennedy

1 2

Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, United Kingdom
Department of Earth Sciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, United Kingdom

Tracing the latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous paleoenvironment evolution in swell carbonate facies: a case study of the High-Tatric succession (Central Western Carpathians, Tatra Mts, Poland)

Damian Gerard Lodowski Jacek Grabowski

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 741-772 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.145629

Keywords Microfacies geochemistry Rock magnetism Lithogenic input paleoclimate Monsoonal upwelling hypoxia Paleoproductivity Central Western Carpathians

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Abstract

This paper presents an interpretation of sedimentologic, paleomagnetic, and geochemical data collected in the Upper Kimmeridgian–Valanginian carbonates of the Giewont series (Giewont and Mały Giewont sections, High-Tatric succession, Western Tatra Mountains, Poland). The studied succession provides insight into the sedimentary conditions prevailing in the South Tatric Ridge (Tatricum), a submarine elevation located between the Zliechov Basin (Fatricum) and the Vahic (=South Penninic) Ocean. The sedimentary sequence includes micrites, pseudonodular limestones, cyanoid packstones, lithoclastic packstone, and encrinites. The results are discussed with regards to their significance for detrital input, paleoclimate, and paleoproductivity, which in turn are considered in the context of both local and regional paleoenvironmental trends and events. The greatest depositional depths during the latest Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian are documented by the occurrence of pseudonodular limestones. A Tithonian shallowing trend is demonstrated via the increasing size and roundness of cyanoids, while the final (?)emergence and erosion in the South Tatric Ridge is documented by earliest Cretaceous disconformities. This process might have been related to both falling sea-level during the major eustatic regressive cycle and tectonic uplift caused by the mutually related (re)activation in the Neotethyan Collision Belt and rifting in the Ligurian-Penninic-Vahic Oceans. The highest lithogenic influx (although still low; max 0.5% of Al content) during the Late Kimmeridgian is considered as associated with relatively humid climate conditions, whereas a subsequent decreasing trend is thought to result from aridification during the latest Kimmeridgian–earliest Tithonian. Ultimately, deposition in the High-Tatric zone was affected by both large-scale environmental perturbations characteristic of the latest Jurassic (climate changes, variations in seawater pH, monsoonal upwelling, lithogenic input, etc.), as well as local sedimentary controls, predominantly the oxygenation state of bottom waters and tectonic movements.

Supplementary Material 1

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Authors and Affiliations

Damian Gerard Lodowski

1

Jacek Grabowski

2

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute, Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland

Detrital heavy minerals as guides to provenance of Albian arenites of southern extra-Carpathian Poland

Jakub Kotowski Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert Krzysztof Nejbert

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 801-832 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.148023

Keywords Detrital material Mineral chemistry Provenance Stability of heavy minerals Sand and sandstone Lower Cretaceous

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Abstract

The potential of heavy minerals as a provenance tracer in Albian arenites of extra-Carpathian Poland was assessed. Studies in this area have focused on various methods based on heavy mineral chemistry that provide an effective tool for reconstructing the provenance of quartz-rich sediments. The previously suggested division of the study area into two domains with different source areas: the western domain – the Miechów area, and the eastern domain – the Lublin area, was based on geochronological (monazite and muscovite dating) and rutile mineral chemical studies. The mineral chemistry of newly examined heavy minerals supports the previously suggested division. The mineral chemistry of detrital tourmaline suggests medium-grade metamorphic rocks as the main source in both domains. Detrital garnet in the western domain shows affiliation to the Góry Sowie Massif, while garnet in the eastern domain was most probably sourced from southern/central Norway. The western domain was most probably fed from rocks of the Bohemian Massif. The main source area for the eastern domain was most probably located in the Baltic Shield. The distinct division of the study area into two domains was caused by the palaeogeography of the region in the Albian and the action of longshore currents in south-eastward and eastward directions.

Supplementary Material 1
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Kotowski

1

Danuta Olszewska-Nejbert

1

Krzysztof Nejbert

1

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

The Upper Turonian–Lower Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) ammonites from the condensed phosphate beds of Mangyshlak, NW Kazakhstan

William James Kennedy Ireneusz Walaszczyk

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 635-660 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.148024

Keywords Ammonites Inoceramids Cretaceous Turonian Coniacian Kazakhstan

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Abstract

Eleven ammonites species are described from the condensed phosphate beds of Mangyshlak (in north-western Kazakhstan): Lewesiceras mantelli (Wright and Wright, 1951), Subprionocyclus neptuni (Geinitz, 1849), Prionocyclus spp., Allocrioceras angustum (J. de C. Sowerby, 1850), Hyphantoceras ( Hyphantoceras) reussianum (d’Orbigny, 1850), Hyphantoceras ( Hyphantoceras) cf. flexuosum (Schlüter, 1872), Eubostrychoceras ( Eubostrychoceras) cf. saxonicum (Schlüter, 1875), Scalarites? bohemicus (Fritsch, 1872), Sciponoceras bohemicum bohemicum (Fritsch, 1872), Scaphites geinitzii d’Orbigny, 1850, and Scaphites kieslingswaldensis Langenhan and Grundey, 1891. They provide an incomplete record that spans at maximum upper Middle Turonian to Lower Coniacian and at minimum Upper Turonian to Lower Coniacian. Associated inoceramid bivalves span an interval from upper Middle Turonian (based on the known first occurrence of Inoceramus inaequivalvis Schlüter, 1872) to the lower and middle Lower Coniacian, based on the known last occurrence of Cremnoceramus crassus inconstans (Woods, 1912), in the lower and middle parts of the Lower Coniacian.

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Authors and Affiliations

William James Kennedy

1

Ireneusz Walaszczyk

2

Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PW, UK and Department of EarthSciences, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland

Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) sea-level rise; microfossil record of bathymetric changes

Michał Fąfara Zofia Dubicka Mariusz Niechwedowicz Agnieszka Ciurej Ireneusz Walaszczyk

Acta Geologica Polonica | 2023 | vol. 73 | No 4 | 661-683 | DOI: 10.24425/agp.2023.145628

Keywords Foraminifera C-dinocysts Dinoflagellata Phytoclasts Chalk

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Abstract

A Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) eustatic sea-level rise recorded in the Belgorod succession (Russia; eastern North European Basin) was analyzed. The succession, dated for the Gavelinella annae and Globorotalites emdyensis foraminiferal zones (corresponding to the ‘ Inoceramus’ azerbaydjanensis–‘ Inoceramus’ vorhelmensis inoceramid Zone), records the deposition of pure chalk, with only trace terrigenous material. Its distal offshore position limited terrestrial nutrient delivery, driving oligotrophic conditions that influenced benthic foraminifera and organic-walled phytoplankton communities. Eustatic changes are recorded by planktonic foraminifera and additionally reflected in phytoclast abundance, organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts), calcareous dinoflagellate cysts (c-dinocysts), and δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁸O fluctuations. Most indices were primarily driven by variable terrestrial organic matter and freshwater influxes, acting as a function of sea depth and land topography.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Fąfara

1

Zofia Dubicka

1

Mariusz Niechwedowicz

1

Agnieszka Ciurej

1

Ireneusz Walaszczyk

2

University of Warsaw, Faculty of Geology, Żwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pedagogical University of Kraków, Podchorążych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland

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