The present paper consists of two parts. The first part presents theoretical foundations of Msplit, estimation with reference to the previous author's paper (Wiśniewski, 2009). This time, some probabilistic assumptions are described in detail. A new quantity called f-information is also introduced to formulate the split potential in more general way. The main aim of this part of the paper is to generalize the target function of Msplit estimation that is the basis for a new formulation of the optimization problem. Such problem itself as well as its solution are presented in this part of the paper. The second part of the paper presents some special case of Mspli, estimation called squared Mspli, estimation (also with reference to the mentioned above paper of the author). That part presents a new solution and development in the theory of this version of M,plit estimation and some numerical examples that show properties of the method and its application scope.

The paper presents the results of research on the DiSTFA method (Displacements and Strains using Transformation and Free Adjustment) for the determination of displacement and strains of a surface determined in unstable reference systems. Additionally, covariance matrices were introduced to assess the accuracy of estimation results. The theoretical discussion includes an example of its application in a simulated, three-dimensional geodetic network. The obtained results encourage further, more detailed analysis of real geodetic networks.

The GRACE-based model GGM02S is a global gravity model expressed in spherical harmonics. As the model is a global solution, a certain smoothing of the available gravity field information is unavoidable. For regional geoid determination the irregularities of residual gravity field should be included. The paper presents the global GRACE gravity field solution, regionally improved by adding a residual field, which is represented by radial base functions. The GRACE observations over the territory of Poland are analysed and a regionally improved GRACE geoid from this data is derived. This improved regional geoid is compared with the Polish quasigeoid and differences between the global and regionally improved GRACE GGM02S solutions are discussed. The study shows that the error of the official GRACE GGM02s solution was reduced by 50% due 10 regional refinement.

The paper presents two alternative proposals for processing kinematic modular networks. The first method employs the idea of multi-group transformation which may be reduced to setting up a system of conditional equations with unknowns. The kinematic parameters (point motion velocities) are in this case determined after the observations are adjusted, together with point coordinates. The other proposal is based on the classic idea of the parametric method. The theoretical relationships for functional models of the network adjustment for each of the methods have been provided. The practical conditions have been presented for the application of the proposed models (methods) in constructing detailed computational algorithms. The modular network technology may be an appropriate method of geodetic determination of displacements, especially in difficult terrain conditions (slopes, trees, unfavourable exposition to satellite signals).

The study presents results of the internal reliability analysis of structural modules used for the determination of horizontal displacement in incomplete trigonometric network. The influence of such elements as: number of control points, sight line length and arrangement of control points around the instrument station on reliability was analysed. Furthermore the analysis of the influence of diversification of reliability indices calculated for individual observations on the detection efficiency of non-dislocated control points was performed. The presented numerical example illustrates the possibility of incorrect valuation of control point stability because of a large diversification of reliability indices. The summary contains recommendations from the point of view of internal reliability for optimal designing of structural modules in incomplete trigonometric networks.

This part of the paper presents particular case of Msplit estimation called a squared Msplit estimation whose target function is based on convex squared functions. One can find here theoretical foundations and algorithm of the squared Msplit estimation as well as some numerical examples.

The accuracy of computed terrain corrections might be an important issue when modelling precise gravimetric geoid, especially for evaluating the quality of geoid model developed. It depends on the accuracy of heights and positions of gravity points used and on the quality of digital terrain model applied. The work presents the attempts towards the estimation of the effect of uncertainty in height and position of gravity points as well as uncertainty of digital terrain model on the accuracy of computed terrain corrections. Analytical formulae for the respective error propagation were developed and they were supported, when needed, by numerical evaluations. Propagation of height data errors on calculated terrain corrections was independently conducted purely numerically. Numerical calculations were performed with the use of data from gravity database for Poland and digital terrain models DTED2 and SRTM3. The results obtained using analytical estimation are compatible with the respective ones obtained using pure numerical estimation. The terrain correction error resulting from the errors in input data generally does not exceed I mGal for Poland. The estimated accuracy of terrain corrections computed using height data available for Poland is sufficient for modelling gravimetric geoid with a centimetre accuracy.

This essay is constructed of two parts: the first is a historiographical sketch of several theories concerning nationalism and gender; the second part puts some of these theories into practice in interpreting an article from a fin-de-siecle Polish illustrated weekly magazine.