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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by a cyber pandemic, involving changes in the modi operandi of perpetrators of various crimes, and an infodemic, associated with the spread of disinformation. The article analyses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cybercrime and presents the latest research on the number of cybercrime cases in Poland and their growth dynamics. It determines the factors that contribute to the commission of a crime and prevent easy identification of criminals. It also suggests the legal and organisational changes that could reduce the number and effects of the most frequently recorded cyberattacks at a time of COVID-19. Particular attention is paid to legal problems of the growing phenomenon of identity theft, and the need to ensure better protection of users from phishing, including through education and proactive security measures consisting in blocking Internet domains used for fraudulent attempts to obtain data and financial resources.
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Bibliography

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  3.  “Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment (IOCTA) 2020” [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/ main-reports/internet-organised-crime-threat-assessment-iocta-2020 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], hereinafter as: IOCTA 2020.
  4.  “How COVID-19-related crime infected Europe during 2020” [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/ how-covid-19-related-crime-infected-europe-during-2020 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
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  6.  Warnings about fake online shops are published on consumer or cybersecurity websites. Sample fake online shop search engine: “Suspicious online shops!” [Online]. Available: https://www.legalniewsieci.pl/aktualnosci/podejrzane-sklepy-internetowe [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
  7.  Criminal Code of June 6, 1997 (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1444, as amended), hereinafter CC.
  8.  Already on 16 March 2020, criminals created a fraudulent fundraiser in Poland at https://pomoc.siepomaga.net/koronawirus?SS52.
  9.  “Annual Report on the Activities of CERT Poland. Security Landscape of the Polish Internet”, 2018, pp. 59–67. [Online]. Available: https:// www.cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2018.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
  10.  In connection with the discovered insufficient implementation of technical and organisational measures to secure customer data, by a decision of 10 September 2019, Morele.net Sp. z o.o. was charged with an administrative fine of PLN 2.8 million (Decision of President of the Personal Data Protection Office of 10 September 2019, no. ZSPR.421.2.2019, subsequently upheld by a judgement of the Provincial Administrative Court in Warsaw of 3 September 2020, no. II SA/Wa 2559/19, [in Polish].
  11.  Regulation of the Minister of National Education of 11 March 2020 on the temporary restriction of the functioning of educational facilities in relation to preventing, counteracting and combating COVID- 19 (Journal of Laws item 410 as amended), [in Polish].
  12.  Government’s bill to amend the Law on special solutions to prevent, counteract and combat COVID-1  9, other communicable diseases and the resultant crises, and to amend certain other laws, form no. 299 of 26 March 2020. [Online]. Available: http://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm9. nsf/druk.xsp?nr=299 [in Polish].
  13.  A. Gryszczyńska, “The use of COVID- 19 in scenarios of social engineering attacks”, Maritime Security Yearbook, 2021, pp. 137‒161, [Online]. Available: https://wdiom.amw.gdynia.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/PT2020v0.13.pdf [in Polish].
  14.  M.S. Islam et al., “COVID- 19-Related Infodemic and Its Impact on Public Health: A Global Social Media Analysis”, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103(4), 1621–1629, (2020), doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0812.
  15.  J. Tidy, “Dr Reddy’s: Covid vaccine-maker suffers cyber-attack”, BBC, Oct. 22, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.com/news/ technology-54642870 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  16.  “Advisory: APT29 targets COVID- 19 vaccine development”. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/files/Advisory-APT29-targets- COVID-19-vaccine-development.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  17.  BBC News, “Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine docs hacked from European Medicines Agency”, BBC, Dec. 09, 2020 [Online]. Available: https:// www.bbc.com/news/technology-55249353 [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  18.  “Pandemic profiteering: how criminals exploit the COVID- 19 crisis”. [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications- documents/pandemic-profiteering-how-criminals-exploit-covid-19-crisis [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  19.  Wired, Sep. 19, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.wired.com/story/a-patient-dies-after-a-ransomware-attack-hits-a-hospital [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  20.  “Annual Report on the Activities of CERT Poland. Security Landscape of the Polish Internet”, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www. cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2019.pdf [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
  21.  “Report on the state of Poland’s cybersecurity in 2019”. [Online]. Available: https://csirt.gov.pl/cer/publikacje/raporty-o-stanie- bezpi/969,Raport-o-stanie-bezpieczenstwa-cyberprzestrzeni-RP-w-2019-roku.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
  22.  A. Pérez-Escoda, C. Jiménez-Narros, M. Perlado-Lamo-de-Espinosa, and L. Miguel Pedrero-Esteban, “Social Networks Engagement During the COVID-1  9 Pandemic in Spain: Health Media vs. Healthcare Professionals”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(14), (2020), doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145261.
  23.  GWI Coronavirus Research, March 2020 Series 2: Travel & Commuting, GWI Connecting the dots 2021; The biggest COVID- 19 trends that are here to stay. [Online]. Available: https://www.globalwebindex.com [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  24.  “Information society in Poland in 2020”, Central Statistical Office, [Online]. Available: https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/nauka-i- technika-spoleczenstwo-informacyjne/spoleczenstwo-informacyjne/spoleczenstwo-informacyjne-w-polsce-w-2020 -roku,1,14.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021], [in Polish].
  25.  “IOCTA 2020”, pp. 6‒7, 13‒17 (2020). [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/internet_organised_ crime_threat_assessment_iocta_2020.pdf.
  26.  For example in 2013 the Silk Road has been seized: “Ross Ulbricht, the Creator and Owner of the Silk Road Website, Found Guilty in Manhattan Federal Court on All Counts — FBI”. [Online]. Available: https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newyork/news/press- releases/ross-ulbricht-the-creator-and-owner-of-the-silk-road-website-found-guilty-in-manhattan-federal-court-on-all-counts [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  27.  “Cybercriminals’ favourite VPN taken down in global action”. [Online]. Available: https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/ cybercriminals%E2%80%99-favourite-vpn-taken-down-in-global-action [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  28.  “21 arrests in nationwide cyber crackdown”. [Online]. Available: https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/18970445.21-arrests-nationwide- crackdown-website-selling-stolen-personal-data/ [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  29.  Recommendation for a Council Decision authorising the opening of negotiations in view of an agreement between the European Union and the United States of America on cross-border access to electronic evidence for judicial cooperation in criminal matters, COM/2019/70 final.
  30.  Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal matters, COM/2018/225 final – 2018/0108 (COD).
  31.  Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering evidence in criminal proceedings, COM/2018/226 final – 2018/0107 (COD).
  32.  A. Gryszczyńska, “Acquisition and analysis of data on cybersecurity incidents”, Internet. Data analyst, G. Szpor, Ed., C.H. Beck, Warsaw, 2019, pp. 296‒313, [in Polish].
  33.  “Information society in Poland in 2020”, p. 156, [in Polish].
  34.  “Comparative study on filtering, blocking and take-down of illegal content on the Internet”, Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://edoc.coe.int/en/internet/7289-pdf-comparative-study-on-blocking-filtering-and-take-down-of-illegal-internet- content-.html [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
  35.  Law of 24 May 2002 on the Internal Security Agency and the Intelligence Agency (Journal of Laws of 2020 item 27 as amended), [in Polish].
  36.  Law of 19 November 2009 on Gambling (Journal of Laws of 2020 item 2094), [in Polish].
  37.  P. Dęba, “Multi-vector protection of Internet users as illustrated by the Orange Cyber Shield”, presented at the 12th Scientific Conference Security in the Internet – Cyber Pandemic, UKSW, Warsaw, Oct. 22‒23, 2020, [in Polish].
  38.  Index of domains. [Online]. Available: https://hole.cert.pl/domains/ [Accessed: 15-Jun-2021].
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gryszczyńska
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Abstract

The paper presents the main issues of the management of electrical grids. Selected information technology tools supporting electrical grids maintenance are presented. In electrical infrastructure maintenance of power companies, geographic information systems are increasingly used to support the management of their resources. Their functionalities in terms of creating comprehensive databases for the electrical infrastructure of the power sector are described. The important information technology tools regarding spatial systems for supporting maintenance and operation management electrical grids and the conditions of their implementation are presented. This paper also attempts to present an innovative multidimensional evaluation of the technical and economic benefits resulting from the use of modern information technology tools for the management of energy infrastructure.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Kamrat
1

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering, Power Engineering Department, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

A gyroscopic rotor exposed to unbalance is studied and controlled with an active piezoelectrical bearing. A model is required in order to design a suited controller. Due to the lack of related publications utilizing piezoelectrical bearings and obtaining a modal model purely exploiting experimental modal analysis, this paper reveals a method to receive a modal model of a gyroscopic rotor system with an active piezoelectrical bearing. The properties of the retrieved model are then incorporated into the design of an originally model-free control approach for unbalance vibration elimination, which consists of a simple feedback control and an adaptive feedforward control. After the discussion on the limitations of the model-free control, a modified controller using the priorly identified modal model is implemented on an elementary rotor test-rig comparing its performance to the original model-free controller.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jens Jungblut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Christian Fischer
1
ORCID: ORCID
Stephan Rinderknecht
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute for Mechatronic Systems, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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Abstract

This paper considers the problem of the accurate task space finite-time control susceptible to both undesirable disturbance forces exerted on the end-effector and unknown friction forces coming from joints directly driven by the actuators as well as unstructured forces resulting from the kinematic singularities appearing on the mechanism trajectory. We obtain a class of estimated extended transposed Jacobian controllers which seem to successfully counteract the external disturbance forces on the basis of a suitably defined task-space non-singular terminal sliding manifold (TSM) and the Lyapunov stability theory. Moreover, in order to overcome (or to minimise) the undesirable chattering effects, the proposed robust control law involves the second-order sliding technique. The numerical simulations (closely related to an experiment) ran for a mobile manipulator consisting of a non-holononic platform of (2;0) type and a holonomic manipulator of two revolute kinematic pairs show the performance of the proposed controllers and make a comparison with other well-known control schemes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Galicki
1

  1. Centrum Badan Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, ul. Bartycka 18A, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Rotors of rotating machines are often mounted in hydrodynamic bearings. Loading alternating between the idling and full load magnitudes leads to the rotor journal eccentricity variation in the bearing gap. To avoid taking undesirable operating regimes, its magnitude must be kept in a certain interval. This is offered by the hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with smart oils, the viscosity of which can be changed by the action of a magnetic field. A new design of a hydrodynamic bearing lubricated with magnetically sensitive composite fluid is presented in this paper. Generated in the electric coil, the magnetic flux passes through the bearing housing and the lubricant layer and then returns to the coil core. The action of the magnetic field on the lubricant affects the apparent fluid viscosity and thus the position of the rotor journal in the bearing gap. The developed mathematical model of the bearing is based on applying the Reynolds equation adapted for the case of lubricants exhibiting the yielding shear stress. The results of the performed simulations confirmed that the change of magnetic induction makes it possible to change the bearing load capacity and thus to keep the rotor journal eccentricity in the required range. The extent of control has its limitations. A high increase in the loading capacity can arrive at the rotor forced vibration’s loss of stability and induce large amplitude oscillation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jaroslav Zapoměl
1 2
Petr Ferfecki
1 3

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
  2. Department of Dynamics and Vibration, Institute of Thermomechanics, Prague, Czech Republic
  3. IT4Innovations National Supercomputing Center, VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic

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