Hybrid pixel radiation detectors with a direct photon-to-charge conversion working in a single photon counting mode have gained increasing attention due to their high dynamic range and noiseless imaging. Since sensors of different materials can be attached to readout electronics, they enable work with a wide range of photon energies. The charge-sharing effect observed in segmented devices, such as hybrid pixel detectors, is a phenomenon that deteriorates both spatial resolution and detection efficiency. Algorithms that allow the detection of a photon irrespective of the charge-sharing effect are proposed to overcome these limitations. However, the spatial resolution of the detector can be further improved beyond the resolution determined by the pixel size if information about the charge proportions collected by neighbouring pixels is used to approximate the interaction position. In the article, an approach to achieve a subpixel resolution in a hybrid pixel detector working in the single photon counting mode is described. Requirements and limitations of digital inter-pixel algorithms which can be implemented on-chip are studied. In the simulations, the factors influencing the detector resolution are evaluated, including size of a charge cloud, number of virtual pixel subdivisions, and detector parameters.
Taguchi, K. & Iwanczyk, J. S. Vision 20/20: Single photon counting X-ray detectors in medical imaging. Med. Phys. 40, 100901 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4820371
Bahadur, D. et al. Evolution of structure and dynamics of thermo-reversible nanoparticle gels-A combined XPCS and rheology study. J. Chem. Phys. 151, 10 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5111521
Sheyfer, et al.Nanoscale critical phenomena in a complex fluid studied by X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy.Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 125504 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.125504
Szczygiel, R., Grybos, P., Maj, P. & Zoladz, M. PXD18k - Fast Single Photon Counting Chip with Energy Window for Hybrid Pixel Detector. in 2011 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 932–937 (IEEE, Valencia, Spain 2011). https://doi.org/10.1109/NSSMIC.2011.6154126
Nilsson, H. E., Dubari, E., Hjelm, M. & Bertilsson, K. Simulation of photon and charge transport in x-ray imaging semiconductor sensors. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A. 487, 151–162 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168- 9002(02)00959-2
Ballabriga, R. et al. The Medipix3RX: a high resolution, zero dead-time pixel detector readout chip allowing spectroscopic imaging. Instrum. 8, C02016–C02016 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/02/C02016
Krzyzanowska, A. et al. Characterization of the photon counting CHASE Jr., chip built in a 40-nm CMOS process with a charge-sharing correction algorithm using a collimated X-ray beam. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 64, 2561–2568 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2017.2734821
Bellazzini, R. et al. PIXIE III: a very large area photon-counting CMOS pixel ASIC for sharp X-ray spectral imaging. J. Instrum. 10, C01032–C01032 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/10/01/C01032
Otfinowski, P. et al. Comparison of allocation algorithms for unambiguous registration of hits in presence of charge- sharing in pixel detectors. J. Instrum. 12, C01027–C01027 (2017). http://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/C01027
Otfinowski, P., Deptuch, G. W. & Maj, P. Asynchronous approximation of a center of gravity for pixel detectors’ readout circuits. IEEE Solid-State Circuits 53, 1550–1558 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSSC.2018.2793530
Cartier, et al. Micron resolution of MÖNCH and GOTTHARD, small pitch charge integrating detectors with single photon sensitivity. J. Instrum. 9, C05027–C05027 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/05/C05027
Maj, P. et al. Measurements of ultra-fast single photon counting chip with energy window and 75 μm pixel pitch with Si and CdTe J. Instrum. 12, C03064 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/03/C03064
Krzyzanowska, A., Niedzielska, A. & Szczygieł, R. Charge-sharing simulations for new digital algorithms achieving subpixel resolution in hybrid pixel detectors. J. Instrum. 15, C02047 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 0221/15/02/C02047
Otfinowski, A. et al. Pattern recognition algorithm for charge-sharing compensation in single photon counting pixel detectors. J. Instrum. 14, C01017 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/01/C01017
Fano resonance is an optical effect that emerges from the coherent coupling and interference (constructive and destructive) between the continuous state (background process) and the Lorentzian state (resonant process) in the plasmonic waveguide-resonator system. This effect has been used in the applications like optical sensors. These sensors are extensively used in sensing biochemicals and gases by the measurement of refractive index changes as they offer high sensitivity and ultra-high figure of merit. Herein, we surveyed several plasmonic Fano sensors with different geometries composed of metal-insulator-metal waveguide(s). First, the resonators are categorized based on different architectures. The materials and methods adopted for these designs are precisely surveyed and presented. The performances are compared depending upon the characterization parameters like sensitivity and figure of merit. Finally, based on the survey of very recent models, the advances and challenges of refractive index sensing deployed on Fano resonances are discussed.
De Tommasi, E. et al. Frontiers of light manipulation in natural, metallic, and dielectric nanostructures. Riv. del Nuovo Cim. 44, 1–68 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40766-021-00015-w
Maier, S. Surface plasmon polaritons at metal /insulator interfaces. in Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications:Chapter 2, 1–2 (Springer, New York, 2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-37825-1_2
Naik, G. V, Shalaev, V. M. & Boltasseva, A. Alternative plasmonic materials: beyond gold and silver. Adv. Mater. 25, 3264–3294 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201205076
Kinsey, N., Ferrera, M., Shalaev, V. M. & Boltasseva, A. Examining nanophotonics for integrated hybrid systems: a review of plasmonic interconnects and modulators using traditional and alternative materials [Invited]. Opt. Soc. Am. B 32, 121–142 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.32.000121
Amoosoltani, N., Yasrebi, N., Farmani, A. & Zarifkar, A. A plasmonic nano-biosensor based on two consecutive disk resonators and unidirectional reflectionless propagation IEEE Sens. J. 20, 9097–9104 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2020.2987319
Lu, H., Wang, G. X. & Liu, X.M. Manipulation of light in MIM plasmonic waveguide systems. Chin. Sci. Bull. 58, 3607–3616 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-013-5989-6
Onbasli, M. C. & Okyay, A. K. Nanoantenna couplers for metal-insulator-metal waveguide interconnects. Proc. SPIE 7757, 77573R (2010). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.876177
Limonov, M. F., Rybin, M. V., Poddubny, A. N. & Kivshar, Y. S. Fano resonances in photonics. Nat. Photonics 11, 543–554 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2017.142
Luk’Yanchuk, B. et al. The Fano resonance in plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials. Nat. Mater. 9, 707–715 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat2810
Wang, J. et al. Double Fano resonances due to interplay of electric and magnetic plasmon modes in planar plasmonic structure with high sensing sensitivity. Express 21, 2236–2244 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.002236
Lovera, A., Gallinet, B., Nordlander, P. & Martin, O. J. F. Mechanisms of Fano resonances in coupled plasmonic systems. ACS Nano 7, 4527–4536 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn401175j
Fan, J. A. et al. Fano-like interference in self-assembled plasmonic quadrumer clusters. Nano Lett. 10, 4680–4685 (2010) . https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1029732
Kazanskiy, N. L., Khonina, S. N. & Butt, M. A. Plasmonic sensors based on metal-insulator-metal waveguides for refractive index sensing applications: A brief Phys. E Low Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct. 117, 113798 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2019.113798
Verellen, N. et al. Mode parity-controlled Fano- and Lorentz-like line shapes arising in plasmonic nanorods. Nano Lett. 14, 2322–2329 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl404670x
Huang, Y., Min, C., Dastmalchi, P. & Veronis, G. Slow-light enhanced subwavelength plasmonic waveguide refractive index sensors. Opt. Express 23, 14922 (2015) . https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.014922
Luo, S., Li, B., Xiong, D., Zuo, D. & Wang, X. A high performance plasmonic sensor based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide coupled with a double-cavity structure. Plasmonics 12, 223–227 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0253-y
Rakhshani, M. R. & Mansouri-Birjandi, M. A. A high-sensitivity sensor based on three-dimensional metal–insulator–metal racetrack resonator and application for hemoglobin Photonics Nanostruct. 32, 28–34 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2018.08.002
Butt, M. A., Khonina, S. N. & Kazanskiy, N. L. Plasmonic refractive index sensor based on metal–insulator-metal waveguides with high sensitivity. J. Mod. Opt. 66, 1038–1043 (2019). https:/doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2019.1601272
Butt, M. A., Khonina, S. N. & Kazanskiy, N. L. An array of nano-dots loaded MIM square ring resonator with enhanced sensitivity at NIR wavelength range. Optik 202, 163655 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163655
Han, Z. & Bozhevolnyi, S. I. Plasmon-induced transparency with detuned ultracompact Fabry-Perot resonators in integrated plasmonic devices. Opt. Express 19, 3251 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.003251
Zhan, S. et al. Slow light based on plasmon-induced transparency in dual-ring resonator-coupled MDM waveguide system. J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 47, (2014).https:/doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/20/205101
Piao, X., Yu, S., Koo, S., Lee, K. & Park, N. Fano-type spectral asymmetry and its control for plasmonic metal-insulator-metal stub structures. Opt. Express 19, 10907–10912 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.010907
Fu, Y. H., Zhang, J. B., Yu, Y. F. & Luk’yanchuk, B. Generating and manipulating higher order Fano resonances in dual-disk. ACS Nano 6, 5130–5137 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1021/nn3007898
Yu, Y. et al. Nonreciprocal transmission in a nonlinear photonic-crystal Fano structure with broken symmetry. Laser Photonics Rev. 9, 241–247 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201400207
Chen, Z. & Yu, L. Multiple Fano resonances based on different waveguide modes in a symmetry breaking plasmonic system. IEEE Photonics J. 6, 1–8 (2014). https://doi.org/ 1109/JPHOT.2014.2368779
Miroshnichenko, A. E., Flach, S. & Kivshar, Y. S. Fano resonances in nanoscale structures. Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 2257–2298 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.2257
Chen, Z. et al. A refractive index nanosensor based on Fano resonance in the plasmonic waveguide system. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 27, 1695–1698 (2015). https://doi.org/ 1109/LPT.2015.2437850
Wei, W., Yan, X., Shen, B. & Zhang, X. Plasmon-induced transparency in an asymmetric bowtie structure. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 14, 246 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3081-0
Song, H., Singh, R., Cong, L. & Yang, H. Engineering the Fano resonance and electromagnetically induced transparency in near-field coupled bright and dark J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 48, 035104 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/3/035104
Yu, S., Piao, X., Hong, J. & Park, N. Progress toward high-Q perfect absorption : A Fano anti-laser. Phys. Rev. A 92, 011802R (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.011802
Yan, X. et al. High sensitivity nanoplasmonic sensor based on plasmon-induced transparency in a graphene nanoribbon waveguide coupled with detuned graphene square-nanoring Plasmonics 12, 1449–1455 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0405-0
Chen, J., Gan, F., Wang, Y. & Li, G. Plasmonic sensing and modulation based on Fano resonances. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6, 1701152 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201701152
Deng, Y., Cao, G. & Yang, H. Tunable Fano resonance and high-sensitivity sensor with high figure of merit in plasmonic coupled cavities. Photonics Nanostruct. 28, 45–51 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2017.11.008
Hayashi, S., Nesterenko, D. V. & Sekkat, Z. Fano resonance and plasmon-induced transparency in waveguide-coupled surface plasmon resonance sensors. Appl. Express 8, 022201 (2015). https://doi.org/10.7567/apex.8.022201
Heuck, M., Kristensen, P. T., Elesin, Y. & Mørk, J. Improved switching using Fano resonances in photonic crystal structures. Opt. Lett. 38, 2466 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.002466
Chen, Z. et al. Plasmonic wavelength demultiplexers based on tunable Fano resonance in coupled-resonator systems. Opt. Commun. 320, 6–11 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2013.12.079
Qi, J. et al. Independently tunable double Fano resonances in asymmetric MIM waveguide structure. Opt. Express 22, 14688–14695 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.22.014688
Chen, Z.-Q. et al. Fano resonance based on multimode interference in symmetric plasmonic structures and its applications in plasmonic nanosensors. Chin. Lett. 30, 057301 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/30/5/057301
Gu, P., Birch, D. J. S. & Chen, Y. Dye-doped polystyrene-coated gold nanorods: Towards wavelength tuneable SPASER. Methods Appl. Fluoresc. 2, 024004 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2050-6120/2/2/024004
Zafar, R. & Salim, M. Enhanced Figure of Merit in Fano resonance-based plasmonic refractive index sensor. IEEE Sens. J. 15, 6313–6317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2455534
Zhang, Y. et al. Evolution of Fano resonance based on symmetric/asymmetric plasmonic waveguide system and its application in nanosensor. Opt. Commun. 370, 203–208 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.03.001
Zhang, Y. et al. Ultra-high Sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple Fano resonance in the MDM side-coupled cavities. Plasmonics 12, 1099– 1105 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0363-6
Kocabas, S. E., Veronis, G., Miller, D. A. B. & Fan, S. Transmission line and equivalent circuit models for plasmonic waveguide components. EEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum 14, 1462–1472 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2008.924431
Han, Z., Van, V., Herman, W. N. & Ho, P.-T. Aperture-coupled MIM plasmonic ring resonators with sub-diffraction modal volumes. Opt. Express 17, 12678– 12684 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012678
Li, Q., Wang, T., Su, Y., Yan, M. & Qiu, M. Coupled mode theory analysis of mode-splitting in coupled cavity system. Opt. Express 18, 8367 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.008367
Niu, L., Zhang, J. B., Fu, Y. H., Kulkarni, S. & Luky`anchuk, B. Fano resonance in dual-disk ring plasmonic nanostructures. Opt. Express 19, 22974–22981 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.022974
Kolwas, K. & Derkachova, A. Impact of the Interband transitions in gold and silver on the dynamics of propagating and localized surface plasmons. Nanomaterials 10, 1411 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10071411
Noah, N. M. Design and synthesis of nanostructured materials for sensor applications. J. Nanomater. 2020, 8855321 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8855321
Chen, F. & Yao, D. Realizing of plasmon Fano resonance with a metal nanowall moving along MIM waveguide. Opt. Commun. 369, 72–78 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2016.02.024
Zhang, Y. et al. High-sensitivity refractive index sensors based on Fano resonance in the plasmonic system of splitting ring cavity-coupled MIM waveguide with tooth Appl. Phys. A 125, 13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-2283-0
Chen, Y., Xu, Y. & Cao, J. Fano resonance sensing characteristics of MIM waveguide coupled square convex ring resonator with metallic baffle. Results Phys. 14, 102420 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102420
Naik, G. V., Kim, J. & Boltasseva, A. Oxides and nitrides as alternative plasmonic materials in the optical range. Opt. Mater. Express 1, 1090–1099 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1364/OME.1.001090
Deng, Y. et al. Tunable and high-sensitivity sensing based on Fano resonance with coupled plasmonic cavities. Sci. Rep. 7, 10639 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10626-1
Zhang, Z. et al. Plasmonic refractive index sensor with high figure of merit based on concentric-rings resonator. Sensors 18, 116 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010116
Chauhan, D., Adhikari, R., Saini, R. K., Chang, S. H. & Dwivedi, R. P. Subwavelength plasmonic liquid sensor using Fano resonance in a ring resonator structure. Optik 223, 165545 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165545
Zhang, Z., Luo, L., Xue, C., Zhang, W. & Yan, S. Fano resonance based on metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled double rectan-gular cavities for plasmonic Sensors 16, 22–24 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050642
Chen, Z., Cui, L., Song, X., Yu, L. & Xiao, J. High sensitivity plasmonic sensing based on Fano interference in a rectangular ring waveguide. Opt. Commun. 340, 1–4 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2014.11.081
Tian, J., Wei, G., Yang, R. & Pei, W. Fano resonance and its application using a defective disk resonator coupled to an MDM plasmon waveguide with a nano-wall. Optik 208, 164136 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164136
Chou Chao, C.-T., Chou Chau, Y.-F & Chiang, H.-P. Multiple Fano resonance modes in an ultra-compact plasmonic waveguide-cavity system for sensing applications. Results 27, 104527 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104527
Rakhshani, M. R. Optical refractive index sensor with two plasmonic double-square resonators for simultaneous sensing of human blood groups. Photonics 39, 100768 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2020.100768
Chen, Y., Xu, Y. & Cao, J. Fano resonance sensing characteristics of MIM waveguide coupled square convex ring resonator with metallic baffle. Results Phys. 14, 102420 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102420
Ren, X., Ren, K. & Cai, Y. Tunable compact nanosensor based on Fano resonance in a plasmonic waveguide system. Appl. Opt. 56, H1–H9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.0000H1
Tang, Y. et al. Refractive index sensor based on Fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal waveguides coupled with resonators. Sensors 17, 784 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040784
Yang, X., Hua, E., Su, H., Guo, J. & Yan, S. A nanostructure with defect based on Fano resonance for application on refractive-index and temperature sensing. Sensors 20, 4125 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20154125
Chen, Y. et al. Sensing performance analysis on Fano resonance of metallic double-baffle contained MDM waveguide coupled ring resonator. Opt. Laser Technol. 101, 273–278 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.11.022
Binfeng, Y., Ruohu, Z., Guohua, H. & Yiping, C. Ultra-sharp Fano resonances induced by coupling between plasmonic stub and circular cavity resonators. Plasmonics 11, 1157–1162 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0154-5
Rakhshani, M. R. Fano resonances based on plasmonic square resonator with high figure of merits and its application in glucose concentrations sensing. Opt. Quantum 51, 287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-2007-5
Chen, F., Zhang, H., Sun, L., Li, J. & Yu, C. Temperature tunable Fano resonance based on ring resonator side coupled with a MIM waveguide. Opt. Laser Technol. 116, 293–299 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.03.044
He, Y. et al. Convert from Fano resonance to electromagnetically induced transparency effect using anti-symmetric H-typed metamaterial resonator. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 391 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02513-3
Zhan, S. et al. Tunable nanoplasmonic sensor based on the asymmetric degree of Fano resonance in MDM waveguide. Sci. Rep. 6, 22428 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22428
Guo, Z. et al. Plasmonic multichannel refractive index sensor based on subwavelength tangent-ring metal–insulator–metal waveguide. Sensors 18, 1348 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051348
Chen, Y., Chen, L., Wen, K., Hu, Y. & Lin, W. Multiple Fano resonances in a coupled plasmonic resonator system. J. Appl. Phys. 126, 083102 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5105358
Chen, Z., Song, X., Duan, G., Wang, L. & Yu, L. Multiple Fano resonances control in MIM side-coupled cavities systems. IEEE Photonics J. 7, 1–10 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2015.2433012
Zhang, X. et al. Refractive Index Sensor based on Fano resonances in plasmonic waveguide with dual side-coupled ring resonators. Photonic Sens. 8, 367– 374 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-018-0509-6
Yang, X. et al. Fano resonance in a MIM waveguide with two triangle stubs coupled with a split-ring nanocavity for sensing application. Sensors 19, 4972 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224972
Wang, W.-D., Zheng, L. & Qi, J.-G. High Q-factor multiple Fano resonances for high-sensitivity sensing in all-dielectric nanocylinder dimer metamaterials. Appl. Express 12, 075002 (2019). https://doi.org/10.7567/1882-0786/ab206a
Špačková, B., Wrobel, P., Bocková, M. & Homola, J. Optical biosensors based on plasmonic nanostructures: a review. Proc. IEEE 104, 2380–2408 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2624340
Li, S. et al. Fano resonances based on multimode and degenerate mode interference in plasmonic resonator system. Opt. Express 25, 3525–3533 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.003525
Butt, M. A., Kazanskiy, N. L. & Khonina, S. N. Nanodots decorated asymmetric metal-insulator-metal waveguide resonator structure based on Fano resonances for refractive index sensing Laser Phys. 30, (2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1555-6611/ab9090
Chen, Z., Cao, X. & Song, X. Side-coupled cavity-induced Fano resonance and its application in nanosensor. Plasmonics 11, 307– 313 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-015-0035-y
Wang, Y., Li, S., Zhang, Y. & Yu, L. Independently formed multiple Fano resonances for ultra-high sensitivity plasmonic nanosensor. Plasmonics 13, 107– 113 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0489-6
Chen, J. et al. Fano resonance in a MIM waveguide with double symmetric rectangular stubs and its sensing characteristics. Opt. Commun. 482, 126563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2020.126563
Chen, J. et al. Coupled-resonator-induced Fano resonances for plasmonic sensing with ultra-high figure of merits. Plasmonics 8, 1627–1631 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-013-9580-4
Wen, K. et al. Fano resonance with ultra-high figure of merits based on plasmonic metal-insulator-metal waveguide. Plasmonics 10, 27–32 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-014-9772-6
Yang, J. et al. Tunable multi-Fano resonances in MDM-based side-coupled resonator system and its application in nanosensor. Plasmonics 12, 1665–1672 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0432-x
Wen, K., Chen, L., Zhou, J., Lei, L. & Fang, Y. A Plasmonic chip-scale refractive index sensor design based on multiple Fano reso-nances. Sensors 18, 3181 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18103181
Liu, Y. et al. Theoretical design of plasmonic refractive index sensor based on the fixed band detection. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 25, 1–6 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2018.2827661
Qiao, L., Zhang, G., Wang, Z., Fan, G. & Yan, Y. Study on the Fano resonance of coupling M-type cavity based on surface plasmon polaritons. Opt. Commun. 433, 144–149 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.09.055
Xiao, G. et al. High sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on Fano resonance with inverted u-shaped resonator. Sensors 21, 1–12 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041164
Li, C. et al. Multiple Fano resonances based on plasmonic resonator system with end-coupled cavities for high-performance nanosensor. IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1– 9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2763781
Shi, X. et al. Dual Fano resonance control and refractive index sensors based on a plasmonic waveguide-coupled resonator system. Opt. Commun. 427, 326–330 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.06.042
Wang, M., Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Zhao, R. & Yan, S. Fano resonance in an asymmetric MIM waveguide structure and its application in a refractive index nanosensor. Sensors 19, 791 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040791
Yu, S., Zhao, T., Yu, J. & Pan, D. Tuning multiple fano resonances for on-chip sensors in a plasmonic system. Sensors 19, 1559 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071559
Rahmatiyar, M., Danaie, M. & Afsahi, M. Employment of cascaded coupled resonators for resolution enhancement in plasmonic refractive index sensors. Opt. Quantum 52, 153 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02266-z
Li, Z. et al. Manipulation of multiple Fano resonances based on a novel chip-scale MDM structure. IEEE Access 8, 32914–32921 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2973417
Fang, Y. et al. Multiple Fano resonances based on end-coupled semi-ring rectangular resonator. IEEE Photon. J. 11, 1–8 (2019). https://doi.org/1109/JPHOT.2019.2914483
Wang, Q., Ouyang, Z., Sun, Y., Lin, M. & Liu, Q. Linearly tunable Fano resonance modes in a plasmonic nanostructure with a waveguide loaded with two rectangular cavities coupled by a circular Nanomaterials 9, 678 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9050678
Su, H. et al. Sensing features of the Fano resonance in an MIM waveguide coupled with an elliptical ring resonant cavity. Appl. Sci. 10, 5096 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155096
Wang, S., Zhao, T., Yu, S. & Ma, W. High-performance nano-sensing and slow-light applications based on tunable multiple Fano resonances and EIT-like effects in coupled plasmonic resonator IEEE Access 8, 40599–40611 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2974491
Li, Z. et al. Control of multiple Fano resonances based on a subwavelength MIM coupled cavities system. IEEE Access 7, 59369–59375 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2914466
El Haffar, R., Farkhsi, A. & Mahboub, O. Optical properties of MIM plasmonic waveguide with an elliptical cavity resonator. Appl. Phys. A 126, 486 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-020-03660-w
Hassan, M. F., Hasan, M. M., Ahmed, M. I. & Sagor, R.H. Numerical investigation of a plasmonic refractive index sensor based on rectangular MIM topology. in 2020 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and its Applications ISITIA 2020, 77–82 (IEEE, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISITIA49792.2020.9163755
Wang, Y. et al. Design of sub wavelength-grating-coupled Fano resonance sensor in mid-infrared. Plasmonics 16, 463–469 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01313-5
Chen, Y., Chen, L., Wen, K., Hu, Y. & Lin, W. Double Fano resonances based on different mechanisms in a MIM plasmonic system. Photonics Nanostruct. 36, 100714 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2019.100714
Chen, Z., Chen, J., Yu, L. & Xiao, J. Sharp trapped resonances by exciting the anti-symmetric waveguide mode in a metal-insulator-metal resonator. Plasmonics 10, 131–137 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-014-9786-0
Pang, S. et al. The sensing characteristics based on electro-magnetically-induced transparency-like response in double-sided stub and a nano-disk waveguide Mod. Phys. Lett. B 31, 1–9 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217984917501019
Zhang, Z. D. et al. Electromagnetically induced transparency and refractive index sensing for a plasmonic waveguide with a stub coupled ring resonator. Plasmonics 12, 1007–1013 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-016-0352-9
Akhavan, A., Ghafoorifard, H., Abdolhosseini, S. & Habibiyan, H. Metal-insulator-metal waveguide-coupled asymmetric resonators for sensing and slow light IET Optoelectron. 12, 220–227 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2018.0028
Shi, H. et al. A nanosensor based on a metal-insulator-metal bus waveguide with a stub coupled with a racetrack ring resonator. Micromachines 12, 495 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12050495
Meng, Z.-M. & Qin, F. Realizing prominent Fano resonances in metal-insulator-metal plasmonic Bragg gratings side-coupled with plasmonic nanocavities. Plasmonics 13, 2329–2336 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-018-0756-9
Tathfif, I., Rashid, K.S., Yaseer, A. A. & Sagor, R.H. Alternative material titanium nitride based refractive index sensor embedded with defects: An emerging solution in sensing Results Phys. 29, 104795 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2021.104795
Li, Q. et al. Active control of asymmetric Fano resonances with graphene–silicon-integrated terahertz metamaterials. Adv. Mater. Technol. 5, 1–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201900840
Ge, J. et al. Tunable dual plasmon-induced transparency based on a monolayer graphene metamaterial and its terahertz sensing performance. Opt. Express 28, 31781–31795 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.405348
This research paper discusses an analytical approach to designing the active region of light emitting diodes to enhance its performance. The layers in the active region were modified and the effects of changing the width of quantum well and barrier layers in a multi-quantum light emitting diode on the output power and efficiency have been investigated. Also, the ratio of the quantum well width to the B layer width was calculated and proposed in this research paper. The study is carried out on two different LED structures. In the first case, the width of the quantum well layers is kept constant while the width of the B layers is varied. In the second case, both the quantum well and B layer widths are varied. Based on the simulation results, it has been observed that the LED power efficiency increases considerably for a given quantum well to B layers width ratio without increasing the production complexity. It is also seen that for a desired power efficiency the width of quantum well should be between 0.003 µm and 0.006 µm, and the range of B width (height) should be 2.2 to 6 times the quantum well width. The proposed study is carried out on the GaN-AlGaN-based multi-quantum well LED structure, but this study can be extended to multiple combinations of the semiconductor structures.
Lenk, R. & Lenk, C. Practical Lighting Design with LEDs. (2nd. ed.) (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2017).
, S. M. & Kwok, K. Ng, Physics of Semiconductor Devices. (4th ed.) (Wiley-Interscience, 2006).
Van Zeghbroeck, B. Principles Of Semiconductor Devices. (Prentice-Hall, 2006).
Schulte-Römer, N., Meier, J., Söding, M. & Dannemann, E. The LED paradox: how light pollution challenges experts to reconsider sustainable lighting. Sustainability 11, 6160 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216160
Sharma, L, & Sharma, R. Optimized design of narrow spectral linewidth nonpolar m-plane InGaN/GaN micro-scale light-emitting diode. J. Opt. 49, 397–402 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-020-00632-4
Rashidi, A. et al. High-speed nonpolar InGaN/GaN LEDs for visible-light communication. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29, 381–384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2017.2650681
Shi, J. et al. III-Nitride-based cyan light-emitting diodes with GHz bandwidth for high-speed visible light communicatio. IEEE Electron. Device Lett. 37, 894–897 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2016.2573265
Gong, M. et al. Semi-polar (20–21) InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown on patterned sapphire substrate with internal quantum efficiency up to 52 percent. Appl. Phys. Express. 13, 091002 (2020). https://doi.org/10.35848/1882-0786/abac91
Rouet-Leduc, B., Barros, K., Lookman, T. & Humphreys, C. J. Optimisation of GaN LEDs and the reduction of efficiency droop using active machine learning. Sci. Rep. 6, 24862 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep24862
Piprek, J. Simulation-based machine learning for optoelectronic device design: perspectives, problems, and prospects. Opt. Quantum Electron. 53, 175 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-021-02837-8
Usman, M., Munsif, M. & Abdur-Rehman, A., High internal quantum efficiency of green GaN-based light-emitting diodes by thickness-graded last well/last B and composition-graded electron blocking layer Opt. Quantum Electron. 52, 320 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02436-z
Song, K., Mohseni, M. & Taghipour, F. Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water disinfection. Water Res. 94, 341–349 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.003
Liao, Ch.-L. et al. High-speed GaN-based blue light-emitting diodes with gallium-doped ZnO current spreading layer. IEEE Electron. Device Lett. 34, 611–613 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/LED.2013.2252457
In this paper, the effect of an indoor visible light communication channel is studied. Moreover, the analysis of the received power distribution of the photodiode in the line of sight and the first reflection of the channel without line of sight with several parameters is simulated. Two different waveforms are explained in detail. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing has been widely adopted in radio frequency and optical communication systems. One of the most important disadvantages of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signal is the high peak-to-average power ratio. Therefore, it is important to minimize the peak-to-average power ratio in the visible light communication systems more than in radio-frequency wireless applications. In the visible light communication systems, the high peak-to-average power ratio produces a high DC bias which reduces power efficiency of the system. A discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is proposed to be used in wireless communication systems; its ability to minimize peak-to-average power ratio has been tested. The analysis of two different subcarrier allocation methods for the discrete Fourier transform-spread subcarriers, as well as the examination of two distinct subcarrier allocation strategies, distributed and localized mapping, are investigated and studied. The effects of an accurate new sub-band mapping for the localized discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing scheme are presented in this paper. The light-fidelity system performance of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with different sub-mapping techniques are simulated with Matlab™. A system performance size of bit error rate and peak-to-average power ratio are obtained, as well.
Sufyan Islim, M. & Haas, H. Modulation techniques for Li⁃ ZTE Commun. 14, 29–40 (2016).
DoCoMo, NTT, NEC, SHARP, R1-050702: DFT-spread OFDM with pulse shaping filter in frequency domain in evolved UTRA uplink (2005).
Myung, H. G., Lim, J. & Goodman, D. J. (2006). Peak-to-average power ratio of single carrier fdma signals with pulse shaping. in IEEE 17th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications 1–5 (IEEE, Helsinki, Finland 2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/PIMRC.2006.254407
Haas, H. et al. Introduction to indoor networking concepts and challenges in Li-Fi., J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 12, A190–A203 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.12.00A190
Alonso-Gonzales, I. et al. Discrete indoor three-dimensional locali-zation system based on neural networks using visible light communi-cation. Sensors 18, 1040 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041040
Wu, X., Safari, M. & Haas, H. Access point selection for hybrid li-fi and Wi-Fi networks. IEEE Trans. Commun. 65, 5375–5385 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2017.2740211
Barry, J. R. et al. Simulation of multipath impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 11, 367–379 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1109/49.219552
Zeng, L. et al. improvement of date rate by using equalization in an indoor visible light communication system. in 4th IEEE Inter-national Conference on Circuits and Systems for 678–682 (IEEE, Shanghai, China 2008). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCSC.2008.149
Jungnickel, V. et al. A physical model of the wireless infrared communication channel. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 20, 631–640 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/49.995522
Carruthers, J. B. & Kahn, J. Multiple subcarrier modulation for nondirected wireless infrared communication. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 14, 538–546 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1109/49.490239
Lee, S. H., Jung, S.-Y. & Kwon, J. K. Modulation and coding for dimmable visible light communication. IEEE Commun. Mag. 53, 136–143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2015.7045402
Acolatse , Bar-Ness, Y. & Wilson, S. K. Novel techniques of single carrier frequency domain equalization for optical wireless communications. EURASIP J.Adv. Signal Process. 2011, 393768 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/393768
Myung, H. G., Lim, J. & Goodman, D. J. Single carrier FDMA for uplink wireless transmission. IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag. 1, 30–38 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2006.307304
Sorger, U., De Broeck, I. & Schnell, M. Interleaved FDMA-a new spread-spectrum multiple-access scheme. in 1998 IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record (ICC). Affiliated with SUPERCOMM'98. 2, 1013–1017 (IEEE, Atlanta, USA 1998). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.1998.685165
Wu, Z.-Y. et al. Optimized DFT-spread OFDM based visible light communications with multiple lighting sources. Opt. Express 25, 26468–26482 (2017). https:/doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.026468
Ch., Zhang, H. & Xu, W. On visible light communication using led array with DFT-spread OFDM. in 2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 3325–33302014 (IEEE, Sydney, Australia 2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2014.6883834
Puntsri, K. & Ekkaphol, K. Experimental comparison of OFDM SC-FDM and PAM for low speed optical wireless communication systems. In 7th International Electrical Engineering Congress (iEECON) 1–4 (IEEE, Hua Hin, Thailand 2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/iEECON45304.2019.8938969
In perovskite solar cells, series of symmetrical and asymmetrical imino-naphthalimides were tested as hole-transporting materials. The compounds exhibited high thermal stability at the temperature of the beginning of thermal decomposition above 300 °C. Obtained imino-naphthalimides were electrochemically active and their adequate energy levels confirm the application possibility in the perovskite solar cells. Imino-naphthalimides were absorbed with the maximum wavelength in the range from 331 nm to 411 nm and emitted light from the blue spectral region in a chloroform solution. The presented materials were tested in the perovskite solar cells devices with a construction of FTO/b-TiO2/m-TiO2/perovskite/ HTM/Au. For comparison, the reference perovskite cells were also performed (without hole-transporting materials layer). Of all the proposed materials tested as hole-transporting materials, the bis-(imino-naphthalimide) containing in core the triphenylamine structure showed a power conversion efficiency at 1.10% with a short-circuit current at 1.86 mA and an open-circuit voltage at 581 mV.
Gopikrishna, P., Meher, N. & Iyer P. K. Functional 1,8-naphthalimide AIE/AIEEgens: recent advances and prospects. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 12081–12111 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b14473
Banerjee, S. et al. Recent advances in the development of 1,8-naphthalimide based DNA targeting binders, anticancer and fluorescent cellular imaging agents. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 1601–1618 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CS35467E
Poddar, M., Sivakumar, G. & Misra, R. Donor-acceptor substituted 1,8-naphthalimides: design, synthesis, and structure–property relationship J. Mater. Chem. C 7, 14798–14815 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02634G
Tomczyk, M. D. & Walczak K. Z. 1,8-Naphthalimide based DNA intercalators and anticancer agents. A systematic review from 2007 to 2017. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 159, 393–422 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.055
Gan, J.-A. et al. 1,8-naphthalimides for non-doping OLEDs: the tunable emission color from blue, green to red. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 162, 399–406 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010- 6030(03)00381-2
Luo, S. et al. Novel 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives for standard-red organic light-emitting device applications. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 525–5267 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC00409H
Zhang, X. et al. A 1,8-naphthalimide based small molecular acceptor for polymer solar cells with high open circuit voltage, J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 6979–6985 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC01148E
Do, T. T. et al. Molecular engineering strategy for high efficiency fullerene-free organic solar cells using conjugated 1,8-naphthal-imide and fluorenone building blocks. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 16967–16976 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b16395
Yadagiri, B. et al. An all-small-molecule organic solar cell derived from naphthalimide for solution- processed high-efficiency non-fullerene acceptors. J. Mater. Chem. C 7, 709–717 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8TC05692G
Torres-Moya, I. et al. Synthesis of D-π-A high-emissive 6-arylalkynyl-1,8-naphthalimides for application in organic field-effect transistors and optical waveguides Dyes and Pigm. 191, 109358 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2021.109358
Xie, L. et al. 5-Non-amino aromatic substituted naphthalimides as potential antitumor agents: Synthesis via Suzuki reaction, antiproliferative activity, and DNA-binding behavior. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19, 961–967 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.055
Rykowski, S. et al. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel 3-carboranyl-1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 2772 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052772
Sivakumar, G. et al. Design, synthesis and characterization of 1,8-naphthalimide based fullerene derivative as electron transport material for inverted perovskite solar cells. Synth. Met. 249, 25–30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2019.01.014
Li, L. et al. Self-assembled naphthalimide derivatives as an efficient and low-cost electron extraction layer for n-i-p perovskite solar cells. Chem. Commun. 55, 13239–13242 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC06345E
Agarwala, P. & Kabra, D. A review on triphenylamine (TPA) based organic hole transport materials (HTMs) for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs): evolution and molecular engineering. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 1348–1373 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08449D
Duan, L. et al. Facile synthesis of triphenylamine-based hole-trans-porting materials for planar perovskite solar cells. J. Power Sources 435, 226767 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226767
Wu, G. et al. Triphenylamine-based hole transporting materials with thiophene-derived bridges for perovskite solar cells. Synth. Met. 261, 116323 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116323
Rezaei, F. & Mohajeri, A. Molecular designing of triphenylamine-based hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells Sol. Energy 221, 536–544 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.055
Li, M. et al. Facile donor (D)-π-D triphenylamine-based hole transporting materials with different π-linker for perovskite solar cells. Sol. Energy 195, 618–625 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.11.071
Bogdanowicz, K. A. et al. Selected electrochemical properties of 4,4’-((1E,1’E)-((1,2,4- Thiadiazole-3,5-diyl)bis(azaneylylidene))-bis(methaneylylidene))bis(N,N-di-p-tolylaniline) towards perovskite solar cells with 14.4% efficiency. Materials 13, 2440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112440
Ma, B.-B. et al. Visualized acid–base discoloration and optoelectronic investigations of azines and azomethines having double 4-[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]phenyl terminals. J. Mater. Chem. C 3, 7748–7755 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC00909J
Korzec, M. et al. Synthesis and thermal, photophysical, electrochemical properties of 3,3-di[3- arylcarbazol-9-ulmethyl]oxetane derivatives. Materials 14, 5569 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195569
Pająk, A. K. et al. New thiophene imines acting as hole transporting materials in photovoltaic devices. Energy Fuels 34, 10160–10169 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c01698
Kula, S. et al. 9,9’-bifluorenylidene derivatives as novel hole-transporting materials for potential photovoltaic applications. Dyes Pigm. 174, 108031 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2019.108031
Derkowska-Zielinska, B. et al. Photovoltaic cells with various azo dyes as components of the active layer. Sol. Energy 203, 19–24 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2020.04.022
Nitschke, P. et al. Spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of thiophene-phenylene based Schiff-bases with alkoxy side groups, towards photovoltaic applications. Spectrochim. Acta A 248, 119242 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.119242
Sęk, D. et al. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons connected with Schiff base linkers: Experimental and theoretical photophysical characterization and electrochemical properties Spectrochim. Acta A, 175, 168–176 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2016.12.029
Korzec, M. et al. Live cell imaging by 3-imino-(2-phenol)-1,8-naphthalimides: The effect of ex vivo hydrolysis. Spectrochim. Acta A 238, 118442 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2020.118442
Kotowicz, S. et al. Novel 1,8-naphthalimides substituted at 3-C position: Synthesis and evaluation of thermal, electrochemical and luminescent properties. Dyes Pigm. 158, 65–78 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2018.05.017
Korzec, M. et al. Novel b-ketoenamines versus azomethines for organic electronics: characterization of optical and electrochemical properties supported by theoretical studies. J Mater Sci, 55, 3812–3832 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-019-04210-3
Kotowicz, S. et al. New acceptor–donor–acceptor systems based on bis-(imino-1,8- naphthalimide). Materials 14, 2714 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112714
Nitschke, P. et al. The effect of alkyl substitution of novel imines on their supramolecular organization, towards photovoltaic applications, Sol. Energy 221, 536–544.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.04.055
Misra, A. et al. Electrochemical and optical studies of conjugated polymers for three primary colours. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 43, 921–925 (2005).
Kim, K. et al. Direct p-doping of Li-TFSI for efficient hole injection: Role of polaronic level in molecular doping. Appl. Surf. Sci. 480, 565–571 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.02.248
Singh, R. & Parashar, M. Origin of Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells in Soft-Matter Thin Film Solar Cells: Physical Processes and Device Simulation (AIP Publishing, on-line) (New York, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/9780735422414_001
Li, B. et al. Insights into the hole transport properties of LiTFSI-doped spiro-OMeTAD films through impedance spectroscopy. J. Appl. Phys.128, 085501 (2020).https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0011868
Abate, A. et al. Lithium salts “redox active” p-type dopants for organic semiconductors and their impact in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 2572–2579 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/C2CP44397J
Wang, S., Yan, W. & Meng, Y. S., Spectrum-dependent spiro- OMeTAD oxidization mechanism in perovskite solar cells. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 24791–24798 (2015).https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b07703
The technology of manufacturing silicon solar cells is complex and consists of several stages. The final steps in succession are the deposition of antireflection layer and discharge contacts. Metallic contacts are usually deposited by the screen printing method and then, fired at high temperature. Therefore, this article presents the results of a research on the effect of heat treatment on the properties of the Al2O3 thin film previously deposited by the atomic layer deposition method. It works well as both passivating and antireflection coating. Moreover, heat treatment affects the value of the cell short-circuit current and, thus, its efficiency. The surface morphology, optical and electrical properties were investigated, describing the influence of heat treatment on the properties of the deposited layers and the manufactured solar cells.
Drygala, A. et al. Influence of laser texturization surface and atomic layer deposition on optical properties of polycrystalline silicon. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 41, 7563–7567 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.12.180
Hou, G., Garcia, I. & Rey-Stolle, I. High-low refractive index stacks for broadband antireflection coatings for multijunction solar cells. Sol. Energy 217, 29–39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.01.060
Dobrzański, L. A., Szindler, M., Drygała, A. & Szindler, M.M., Silicon solar cells with Al2O3 antireflection coating. Cen. Eur. J. Phys. 12, 666–670 (2014). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11534-014-0500-9
Szindler, M. Szindler, M. M., Boryło, P. & Jung, T. Structure and optical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by ALD Open Phys. 15, 1067–1071 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0137
Król, K. et al. Influence of atomic layer deposition temperature on the electrical properties of Al/ZrO2/SiO2/4H-SiC metal-oxide semiconductor structures. Phys. Status Solidi (A) 215, 1–7 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201700882
Drabczyk, K. et al. Comparison of diffused layer prepared using liquid dopant solutions and pastes for solar cell with screen printed electrodes. Microelectron. Int. 33, 167–171 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1108/MI-03-2016-0031
Öğütman, K. et al. Spatial atomic layer deposition of aluminum oxide as a passivating hole contact for silicon solar Phys. Status Solidi (A) 217, 1–6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.202000348
Drabczyk, K. et al. Electroluminescence imaging for determining the influence of metallization parameters for solar cell metal contacts. Sol. Energy 126, 14–21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.12.029
Park, H. H. Inorganic materials by atomic layer deposition for perovskite solar cells. Nanomaterials 11, 1–22 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11010088
Werner, F. et al. High-rate atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 for the surface passivation of Si solar cells. Energy Procedia 8, 301–306 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.06.140
Werner, F., Cosceev, A. & Schmidt, J. Silicon surface passivation by Al2O3: Recombination parameters and inversion layer solar cells. Energy Procedia 27, 319–324 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.070
Swatowska, B. Antireflective and passivation properties of the photovoltaic structure with Al2O3 layer of different thickness. Microelectron. Int. 35, 177–180 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1108/MI-04-2018-0020
Scientific and Didactic Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Material Technologies, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 7 Towarowa St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 18a Konarskiego St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
The research and analysis of the bactericidal properties of the spacer knitted fabric with the UV-C system are presented in this paper. The disintegration factor affecting the bacteria in the knitted fabric is the UV-C radiation in the range of 265–270 nm distributed via woven optical fibres. The way of integrating elements of the system generating the UV-C radiation in the structure of the spacer knitted fabric was designed, as well as various configurations of optical fibres arrangement, fibre density, number of radiation sources, and diode types were tested. The material was contaminated with selected microorganisms indicative of sanitary contamination and important in terms of nosocomial infections. The scope of the research included microbiological (quantitative and qualitative) analyses of selected taxonomic groups of microorganisms (mesophilic bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) before and after the irradiation process. The analysis of the research results and the applied modification of the knitted fabric turned out to be effective in reducing the amount of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.
Gniotek, K. & Krucinska, I. The basic problems of textronics. Fibres Text. East. Eur.12, 13–16 (2004).
Łada-Tondyra, E. & Jakubas, A. Modern applications of textronic systems. Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 94, 198–201 (2018). [in Polish]. https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2018.12.44
Strus, M. Mechanisms of action of physical factors on micro-organisms. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny 3, 263–268 (1997). [in Polish]
Diston, D., Ebdon, J. E. & Taylor, H. D. The effect of UV-C radiation (254 nm) on candidate microbial source tracking phages infecting a human-specific strain of Bacteroides fragilis (GB-124). Water Health 10, 262–270 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.173
Kowalski, W. J., Petraitis, V. & Walsh, T. J. 2020 COVID-19 Corona-virus Ultraviolet Susceptibility. (PurpleSun, Inc, New York, 2020).
Beretsou, V. G. et al. A chemical, microbiological and (eco) toxicological scheme to understand the efficiency of UV-C/H2O2 oxidation on antibiotic-related microcontaminants in treated urban wastewater. Total Environ. 744, 140835 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140835
Woo, H. et al. Efficacy of inactivation of human enteroviruses by dual-wavelength germicidal ultraviolet (UV-C) light emitting diodes (LEDs). Water 11, 1131 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061131
Phattarapattamawong, S., Chareewan, N. & Polprasert, C. Comparative removal of two antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes by the simultaneous use of chlorine and UV irradiation (UV/chlorine): Influence of free radicals on gene degradation. Sci. Total Environ. 755, 142696 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142696
Lada-Tondyra, E. & Jakubas, A. The Concept of a Textronic System Limiting Bacterial Growth. in 2018 Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE) 1–4 (IEEE, Koscielisko, Poland, 2018). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8441107
Cysewska-Sobusiak, A., Prokop, D.& Jukiewicz, M. Development Trends and Application Areas Fibre Optic Techniques. In Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering 89, 205–217 (2017). [in Polish]
Armakan, D. M. & Roye, A. A study on the compression behavior of spacer fabrics designed for concrete applications. Fibres Polym. 10, 116–123 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-009-0116-7
Hardjawinata, K., Setiawati, R. & Dewi,W. Bactericidal efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation on Staphylococcus ureus. Asian J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 17, 157–161 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0915-6992(05)80043-3
Xu, Z.et al. First report of class 2 integron in clinical Enterococcus faecalis and class 1 integron in Enterococcus faecium in South China. Diagn. Microbiol. Infec. Dis. 68, 315–317 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.014
Stańczyk-Mazanek, E., Pasoń, Ł. & Kępa, U. Effect of mesophilic fermentation of sewage sludge on drug-resistant bacterial count of the Enterococcus genus. Desalination Water Treat. 134, 86–91 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22672
Stępniak, L., Pasoń, Ł., Stańczyk-Mazanek, E. & Lach, J. Analysis of the presence and drug resistance of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family and the genus of Enterococcus in treated wastewater from a selected wastewater treatment plant. Desalination Water Treat. 134, 23–29 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22592
Jarząb, A., Górska-Frączek, S., Rybka, J. & Witkowska, D. Enterobacteriaceae infection-diagnosis, antibiotic resistance and prevention. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. 65, 55–72 (2011). [in Polish] https://doi.org/10.5604/17322693.933273
Advances in photonic technologies, with new processes and scopes of photonic integrated circuits, have generated a lot of interest as the field allows to obtain sensors with reduced size and cost and build systems with high interconnectivity and information density. In this work, answering the needs of photonic sensors that must be portable, more energy-efficient, and more accurate than their electrical counterparts, also with a view to the emerging field of neuromorphic photonics, a versatile device is presented. The proposed device makes use of the well-known advantages provided by optical bistability. By combining two distributed feedback-multi quantum well semiconductor laser structures, this new optical multiple inputs - digital output device offers various essential purposes (such as logic gates, wavelength detector and monitoring) with no need for specific manufacturing for each of them. Through a commercial computer-aided design tool, VPIphotonics™, the necessary characterization of proposed device is also described.
Gibbs, H. M. Optical bistability: Controlling light with light. Orlando, Fl: Academic (Academic Press, INC., 1985). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2820150
Kawaguchi, H. & Iwane, G. Bistable operation in semiconductor lasers with inhomogeneous excitation. Electron. Lett. 17, 167–168 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19810117
Lattes, A., Haus, H. A., Leonberger, F. J. & Ippen, E. P. An ultrafast all-optical gate. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 1718–1723 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1983.1071766
Wang, S. W., Wang, C. & Ling, S. Stability analysis of semicon-ductor bistable lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 23, 1033–1038 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1987.1073447
Hui, R. Static and dynamical properties of dispersive optical bistability in semiconductor lasers. J. Light. Technol. 13, 42–48 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.350648
Li, L. Optical frequency bistability and power bistability in semicon-ductors lasers. IEEE J. of Quantum Electron. 31, 233–239 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/3.348050
Sharfin, W. F. & Dagenaisa, M. Room-temperature optical bistability in InGaAsP/InP amplifiers and implications for passive devices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 46, 819–821 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.95895
Inoue, K. High-speed all-optical gate switching experiment in a Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser amplifier. Electron. Lett. 23, 921–922 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19870649
González-Marcos, A. P. & Martín-Pereda, J. A. Method to analyze the influence of hysteresis in optical arithmetic units. Opt. Eng. 40, 2371–2385 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1413747
González-Marcos, A. P. & Martín-Pereda, J. A. Analysis of irregular behaviour on an optical computing logic cell. Opt. Laser Technol. 32, 457–466 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0030-3992(00)00099-2
González-Marcos, A. P. & Martín-Pereda, J. A. Coder/decoder with an optical programmable logic cell. Proc. Photonic Devices and Algorithms for Computing IV (SPIE) 4788, 126–134 (2002). https://doi.otg/10.1117/12.451553
Martín-Pereda, J. A. & González-Marcos, A. P. Logic cells as basic structures to add/drop WDM information signals. Proc. Photonic Devices and Algorithms for Computing IV (SPIE) 4788, 73–82 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.451587
Martín-Pereda, J. A. & González-Marcos, A. P. An approach to visual cortex operation: optical neuron model. in IEEE Conference on Lasers and Electro-Opt. Europe 355–356 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.1994.636629
Kawaguchi, H., Magari, K., Yasaka, H., M. Fukuda & Oe, K. Tunable optical-wavelength conversion using an optically triggerable multielectrode distributed feedback laser diode. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 24, 2153–2159 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1109/3.8558
Kawaguchi, H. Bistable operation of semiconductor lasers by optical injection. Electron. Lett. 17, 741–742 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19810521
Kawaguchi, H. Absorptive and dispersive bistability in semicon-ductor injection lasers. Opt. and Quantum Electron. 19, S1–S36 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02034349
Otsuka, K. & Iwamura, H. Analysis of a multistable semiconductor light amplifier. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 19, 1184–1186 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1983.1072006
Nakai, T., Ogasawara, N. & Ito, R. Optical bistability in a semicon-ductor laser amplifier. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 22, L310–L312 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.22.l310
Adams, M. J., Westlake, H. J., O’Mahony, M. J. & Henning, I. D. A comparison of active and passive optical bistability in semicon-ductors. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, 1498–1504 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1985.1072818
Westlake, H. J., Adams, M. J. & O’Mahony, M. J. Measurement of optical bistability in an InGaAsP laser amplifier at 1.5 µm. Electron. Lett. 21, 992–993 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19850701
Hurtado-Villavieja, A. Bistable photonic structures for computing and switching. (ETSIT, UPM, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 2006).
Vivero-Palmer, T. R. Analysis of Photonic Structures for Optical Networks. (ETSIT, UPM, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 2010).
Carroll, J., Whiteaway, J. & Plumb, D. Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Lasers. (The Institution of Electrical Engineers and SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 1998). https://doi.org/10.1049/pbcs010e
Ghafouri-Shiraz, H. Distributed Feedback Laser and Optical Tunable Filters. (John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2003).
Morrison, G. B. et al. High Power single mode photonic integration. in IEEE High Power Diode Lasers and Systems Conference HPD 47, 48 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/HPD48113.2019.8938603
Liu, Y. et al. High-power AlGaInAs/InP DFB lasers with low divergence angle. in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference CLEO/Europe-EQEC (Germany, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2019.8872502
Liu, S. et al. High-power single-longitudinal-mode dfb semiconductor laser based on sampled Moiré grating. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31, 751–754 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2906562
Guo, K. et al. Symmetric step-apodized distributed feedback fiber laser with improved efficiency. IEEE Photonics J. 11, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JPHOT.2019.2921628
Wang, B., Zhou, Y., Guo, Z. & Wu, X. Design for distributed feedback laser biosensors based on the active grating model. Sensors 19, 2569 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112569
Dhoore, S., Köninger, A., Meyer, R., Roelkens, G. & Morthier, G. Electronically Tunable distributed feedback (DFB) laser on silicon. Laser Photonics Rev. 13, 1800287 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201800287
Hatori, N. et al. First demonstration of a hybrid integrated light source on a si platform using a quantum dot laser under wide temperature range. in IEEE Photonics Conference (Bellevue, USA, 2013). https://doi.org/10.1109/IPCon.2013.6656422
Kozlov, V. G., Bulovic, V. & Forrest, S. R. Temperature independent performance of organic semiconductor lasers. App. Phys. Lett. 71, 2575–2577 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.120186
Asryan, L. V. & Luryi, S. Semiconductor laser with reduced tem-perature sensitivity. US Patent no. 6,870,178 B2 (2005).
Miller, D. A. B. et al. The quantum well self-electrooptic effect device: Optoelectronic bistability and oscillation, and self-linearized modulation. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 21, 1462–1476 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1985.1072821
Vivero-Palmer, T. R., Rivas-Moscoso, J. M., González-Marcos, A. P. & Martín-Pereda, J. A. Dispersive optical bistability in Quantum Wells with logarithmic gain. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 46, 1184–1190 (2010). https://doi.org/0.1109/jqe.2010.2044974
Vivero-Palmer, T. R., Rivas-Moscoso, J. M., González-Marcos, A. P. & Pereda, J. A. M. Dispersive optical bistability in bulk InGaAsP Fabry-Pérot lasers. Reunión Esp. de Optoelectrón. (OPTOEL) OPTOEL’09, Libro de Actas, 209–214 (2009) [in Spanish].
González-Marcos, A. P., Campoy-Fernández, J., Alaíz-Gudín, A. M., Pacheco-Ordóñez, F. & Pedro-Carracedo, J. de Fotónica y Defensa en el Año de la Luz. Congreso Nacional de I+D en Def. y Segur. (DESEi+D) DESEi+D 2015, 705–714 (2015) [in Spanish].
The present review is mainly focused on the extended analysis of the results obtained from coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry for imines in undoped and doped states. This coupled technique allows to identify the current-voltage characteristics of thin films based on imine, as well as to assess layer defects in thermal images. Additional analysis of results provides further information regarding sample parameters, such as resistance, conductivity, thermal resistance, and Joule power heat correlated with increasing temperature. As can be concluded from this review, it is possible not only to study material properties at the supramolecular level, but also to tune macroscopic properties of -conjugated systems. A detailed study of the structure-thermoelectrical properties in a series of eight unsymmetrical and symmetrical imines for the field of optoelectronics and photovoltaics has been undertaken. Apart from this molecular engineering, the imines properties were also tuned by supramolecular engineering via protonation with camphorsulfonic acid and by creation of bulk-heterojunction compositions based on poly(4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophene-4,6-diyl) and/or [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) towards the analysed donor or acceptor ability of imines in the active layer. The use of coupled measurement techniques of a thermal imaging camera and chronoamperometry allows obtaining comprehensive data on thermoelectric properties and defects indicating possible molecule rearrangement within the layer.
Dong, J. et al. Organic semiconductor nanostructures: Optoelectronic properties, Modification strategy, and photocatalytic applications. J Mater. Sci. Tech. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2021.09.002
Huang, D. et al. Conjugated-backbone effect of organic small molecules for n‑type thermoelectric materials with ZT over 0.2. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 139, 13013–13023 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b05344
Mao, L. et al. Patching defects in the active layer of large-area organic solar cells. J. Mater.A 6, 5817–5824 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA11264E
Lindner, S. M. et al. Charge separation at self-assembled nano-structured bulk interface in block copolymers. Chem 45, 3364–3368 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200503958
Han, Y. et al. Calibration and image processing of aerial thermal image for UAV application in crop water stress estimation. J. Sensors 2021, Article ID 5537795 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537795
Kasikowski, R. & Więcek, B. Fringing-effect losses in inductors by thermal modeling and thermographic measurements. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 36, 9772–9786 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2021.3058961
Kucharska, M. & Jaskowska-Lemanska, J. Active thermography in diagnostics of timber elements covered with polychrome. Materials 14, 1134 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051134
Kowalski, M. Ł., Grudzień, A. & Ciurapiński, W. Detection of human faces in thermal infrared images. Meas. Syst. 28, 307–321 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2021.136609
Teubner, J. et al. Comparison of drone-based ir-imaging with module resolved monitoring power data. Energy Procedia 124, 560–566 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.094
Irshad, Jaffery, Z. A. & Haque, A. Temperature measurement of solar module in outdoor operating conditions using thermal imaging. Infrared Phys. Technol. 92, 134–138 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2018.05.017
Gallardo-Saavedra, S. et al. Infrared thermography for the detection and characterization of photovoltaic defects: comparison between illumination and dark conditions. Sensors 20, 4395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164395
Muttillo, M. et al. On field infrared thermography sensing for pv system efficiency assessment: results and comparison with electrical models. Sensors 20, 1055 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041055
Iwan, A. et al. Optical and electrical properties of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide films deposited onto glass and Ecoflex® substrates towards organic solar cells. Adv. Mater. Lett 9, 58– 65 (2018). https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2018.1870
Fryń, P. et al. Hybrid materials based on l,d-poly(lactic acid) and single-walled carbon nanotubes as flexible substrate for organic devices. Polymers 10, 1271 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10111271
Fryń, P. et al. Dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties of L,D-Poly(Lactic Acid) modified by 4′-Pentyl-4-Biphenylcarbonitrile and single walled carbon nanotube. Polymers 11, 1867 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111867
Fryń, P. et al. Research of binary and ternary composites based on selected aliphatic or aliphatic–aromatic polymers, 5CB or SWCN toward biodegradable electrodes. Materials 13, 2480 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112480
Różycka, A. et al. Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on liquid crystalline, structural and electrochemical properties of (8Z)-N-(4-((Z)-(4-pentylphenylimino)methyl)benzylidene)-4- pentylbenzenamine. Materials 12, 1097 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12071097
Gonciarz, A. et al. UV-Vis absorption properties of new aromatic imines and their compositions with poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2- ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl}. Materials 12, 4191 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12244191
Bogdanowicz, K. A. Selected electrochemical properties of 4,4'-((1E,1'E)-((1,2,4-thiadiazole-3,5- diyl)bis(azaneylylidene))bis-(methaneylylidene))bis(N,N-di-p-tolylaniline) towards perovskite solar cells with 14.4% efficiency. Materials 13, 2440 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13112440
Przybył, W. et al. IR thermographic camera as useful and smart tool to analyse defects in organic solar Photonics Lett. Poland 12, 25–27 (2020). https://doi.org/10.4302/plp.v12i2.976
Jewloszewicz, B. et al. A comprehensive optical and electrical study of unsymmetrical imine with four thiophene rings and their binary and ternary compositions with PTB7 and PC70BM towards organic RSC Adv 10, 44958 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA08330E
Bogdanowicz, K. A. et al. Electrochemical and optical studies of new symmetrical and unsymmetrical imines with thiazole and thiophene moieties. Electrochim Acta 332, 135476 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135476
Dylong, A. et al. Crystal structure determination of 4‐[(Di‐p‐tolylamino)‐benzylidene]‐(5‐pyridin‐ 4‐yl‐[1,3,4]thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐imine along with selected properties of imine in neutral and protonated form with camforosulphonic acid: Theoretical and experimental studies. Materials 14, 1952 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081952
Reinhardt, B. A. et al. Highly active two-photon dyes: design, synthesis, and characterization toward Chem. Mater. 10, 1863 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm980036eIwase, Y. et al. Synthesis and photophysical properties of new two-photon absorption chromophores containing a diacetylene moiety as the central π-bridge. J. Mater. Chem. 13, 1575 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1039/b211268j
Kim, O. K. et al. New class of two-photon-absorbing chromophores based on Chem. Mater. 12, 284 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1021/cm990662r
Liu, Z. Q. et al. Trivalent boron as an acceptor in donor–π–acceptor-type compounds for single- and two-photon excited fluorescence. Chem. Eur. J. 9, 5074 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200304833
Sek, D. et al. Hole transport triphenylamine-azomethine conjugated system: Synthesis and optical, photoluminescence and electrochemical properties. Macromolecules 41, 6653–6663 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma702637k
Sek, D. et al. Characterization and optical properties of oligoazomethines with triphenylamine moieties exhibiting blue, blue-green and green light. Spectrochim Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 72, 1–10 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2008.06.022
Gawlinska, K. et al. Searching of new, cheap, air- and thermally stable hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells. Opto-Electron. Rev. 25, 274–284, (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.opelre.2017.07.004
Costa, P. M. J. F. et al. Direct imaging of Joule heating dynamics and temperature profiling inside a carbon nanotube interconnect. Nat. Commun. 2, 421 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1429
McLaren, C. T. et al. Development of highly inhomogeneous temperature profile within electrically heated alkali silicate glasses. Sci. Rep. 9, 2805 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39431-8
Balakrishnan, V. et al. A generalized analytical model for Joule heating of segmented wires. Heat Transfer 140, (7), 072001 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4038829
Thangaraju, S. K. & Munisamy, K. M. Electrical and Joule Heating Relationship Investigation Using Finite Element Method. in 7th International Conference on Cooling & Heating Technologies. 88, 012036 (Selangor, Malaysia, 2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/88/1/012036
Russ, B. et al. Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16050 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.50
A compact temperature measuring device using a weakly coupled multi-core fibre in the Michelson interferometer structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device is manufactured by an easy and simple splicing approach which consists of a multi-core fibre segment and an in-fibre coupler. In-fibre coupler is made of a cascaded single-mode fibre and multi-core fibre balls. It enhances the interference phenomenon of light energy between the central core and the outer cores of a multi-core fibre. The sensor shows a high quality fringe visibility of about 14–18 dB in the wavelength spectrum. Multi-core structure presents multi-path interferences and exhibits a maximum temperature sensitivity of 70.6 pm/°C in the range of 20–90°C with an insensitive response to the refractive index in the range of 1.334 to 1.354. The device has the advantages of compact size, easy manufacturing, and it solves cross-sensitivity between temperature and refractive index making it an authentic real-time temperature monitoring solution.
Yu, J. et al.Multi-parameter sensor based on the fibre Bragg grating combined with triangular-lattice four-core fibre. Optik 208, 164094 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164094
Cao, Y. et al. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index based on microfibre Bragg Grating in Sagnac loop. Opt. Fibre Technol. 47, 147–151 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2018.11.028
Zhao, C.-L., Demokan, M., Jin, W. & Xiao, L. A cheap and practical FBG temperature sensor utilizing a long-period grating in a photonic crystal fibre. Opt. Commun. 276, 242–245 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.04.037
Fu, X. et al. Refractive index insensitive temperature sensor based on specialty triple-clad fibre. Opt. Express 23, 2320–2327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.002320
Liu, Q. et al. Refractive index insensitive temperature sensor based on waist-enlarged few mode fibre bitapers. Optoelectron. Lett. 13, 25–28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-017-6200-0
H. &. Shu, X. Miniature all-fibre high temperature sensor based on Michelson interferometer formed with a novel core-mismatching fibre joint. IEEE Sens. J. 17, 3341–3345 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2693386
Bao, L., Dong, X., Shum, P. P. & Shen, Ch. Compact temperature sensor with highly germania-doped fibre-based Michelson interferometer. IEEE Sens. J. 18, 8017–8021 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2864799
Qi, K., Zhang, Y., Sun, J. & Yi, G. All-fibre high temperature and refractive index sensor based on three microspheres array Michelson interferometer. Opt. Laser Technol. 129, 106300 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106300
Wang, J. et al. A novel fibre in-line Michelson interferometer based on end face packaging for temperature and refractive index measurement. Optik 194, 163094 (2019) . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163094
Duan, L. et al. Heterogeneous all-solid multicore fibre based multipath Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing. Opt. Express 24, 20210–20218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.020210
Zhao, Y. et al. An integrated fibre Michelson interferometer based on twin-core and side-hole fibres for multiparameter sensing. J. Light. Technol. 36, 993–997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2753256
Rugeland, P. & Margulis, W. Revisiting twin-core fibre sensors for high-temperature measurements. Appl. Opt. 51, 6227–6232 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.006227
Dang, Y. et al. Towards large dynamic range and ultrahigh measurement resolution in distributed fibre sensing based on multicore fibre. Opt. Express 25, 20183–20193 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.020183
Hu, W. et al. Etched multicore fibre Bragg gratings for refractive index sensing with temperature in-line compensation. OSA Continuum 3, 1058–1067 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.387019
Chunxia, Y. et al. Weakly-coupled multicore optical fibre taper-based high-temperature sensor. Sens. Actuator A Physi. 280, 139–144 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.016
Cheng, P. et al. Refractive index interferometer based on SMF-MMF-TMCF-SMF structure with low temperature sensitivity. Opt. Fibre Technol. 57, 102233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102233
Guo, D. et al. Tapered multicore fibre interferometer for refractive index sensing with graphene enhancement. Appl. Opt. 59, 3927–3932 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.385324
Antonio-Lopez, J. E. et al. Multicore fibre sensor for high-temperature applications up to 1000°C. Opt. Lett. 39, 4309–4312 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.004309
Qi, Y. et al. A novel high sensitivity refractive index sensor based on multi-core micro/nano fibre. Photonic Sens. 9, 197–204 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0554-9
Mumtaz, F., Dai, Y. & Ashraf, M. A. Inter-cross de-modulated refractive index and temperature sensor by an etched multi-core fibre of a MZI structure. J. Light. Technol. 38, 6948–6953 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2020.3014857
Mumtaz, F. et al. A design of taper-like etched multicore fibre refractive index-insensitive a temperature highly sensitive Mach-Zehnder interferometer. IEEE Sens. J. 20, 7074–7081 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2978533
Zhao, Z. et al. All-solid multi-core fibre-based multipath Mach–Zehnder interferometer for temperature sensing. Appl. Phys. B 112, 491–497 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5634-8
Zhou, S., Huang, B. & Shu, X. A multi-core fibre based interferometer for high temperature sensing. Meas. Sci. Technol. 28, 045107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/AA5E82
Kilic, S. G. et al. Refractometer with etched chirped fibre Bragg grating Fabry–Perot interferometer in multicore fibre. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31, 575–578 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2900621
Barrera, D., Madrigal, J. & Sales S. Long period gratings in multicore optical fibres for directional curvature sensor implementation. J. Light. Technol. 36, 1063–1068 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2764951
Madrigal, J., Barrera, D. & Sales, S. Refractive index and temperature sensing using inter-core crosstalk in multicore fibres. J. Light. Technol. 37, 4703–4709 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2019.2917629
High power fibre lasers need to be cooled efficiently to avoid their thermal damage. Temperature distribution in fibre should be estimated during the fibre laser design process. The steady-state heat equation in a cylindrical geometry is solved to derive a practical formula for temperature radial distribution in multi-layered optical fibres with arbitrary number of the layers. The heat source is located in one or more cylindrical domains. The validity of the analytical formula is tested by comparison with static heat transfer simulations of typical application examples including octagonal double clad fibre, air-clad fibre, fibre with nonuniform, microstructured core. The accuracy sufficient for practical use is reported even for cases with not exactly cylindrical domains.
Davis, M. K., Digonnet, M. J. F. & Pantell, R. H. Thermal effects in doped fibers. J. Light. Technol. 16, 1013 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.681458
Brown, D. C. & Hoffman, H. J. Thermal, stress, and thermo-optic effects in high average power double-clad silica fiber lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37, 207–217 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/3903070
Limpert, J. et al. Thermo-optical properties of air-clad photonic crystal fiber lasers in high power operation. Opt. Express 11, 2982–2990 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.11.002982
Wang, Y., Xu, Ch.-Q. & Po, H. Thermal effects in kilowatt fiber lasers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 16, 63–65 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2003.818913
Zintzen, B., Langer, T., Geiger, J., Hoffmann, D. & Loosen, P. Heat transport in solid and air-clad fibers for high-power fiber lasers. Opt. Express 15, 16787–16793 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.016787
Lapointe, M.-A., Chatigny, S., Piché, M., Cain-Skaff, M. & Maran, J.-N. Thermal effects in high-power CW fiber lasers. in Fiber Lasers VI: Technology, Systems, and Applications, Proc. SPIE 7195, 430–440 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1117/12.809021
Liu, T., Yang, Z. M. & Xu, S. H. Analytical investigation on transient thermal effects in pulse end-pumped short-length fiber laser. Opt. Express 17, 12875–12890 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.012875
Sabaeian, M., Nadgaran, H., Sario, M. D., Mescia, L. & Prudenzano, F. Thermal effects on double clad octagonal Yb:glass fiber laser. Opt. Mater. 31, 1300–1305 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2008.10.034
Ashoori, V. & Malakzadeh, A. Explicit exact three-dimensional analytical temperature distribution in passively and actively cooled high-power fibre lasers. J. Phys. D. 44, 355103 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/35/355103
Huang, C. et al. A versatile model for temperature-dependent effects in Tm-doped silica fiber lasers. J. Light. Technol. 32, 421–428 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2013.2283294
Mohammed, Z., Saghafifar, H. & Soltanolkotabi, M. An approximate analytical model for temperature and power distribution in high-power Yb-doped double-clad fiber lasers. Laser Phys. 24, 115107 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1054-660X/24/11/115107
Yang, J., Wang, Y., Tang, Y. & Xu, J. Influences of pump transitions on thermal effects of multi-kilowatt thulium-doped fiber lasers. arXiv preprint arXiv:1503.07256 (2015). https://arxiv.org/abs/1503.07256
Daniel, J. M. O., Simakov, N., Hemming, A., Clarkson, W. A. & Haub, J. Metal clad active fibres for power scaling and thermal management at kW power levels. Opt. Express 24, 18592–18606 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.018592
Karimi, M. Theoretical study of the thermal distribution in Yb-doped double-clad fiber laser by considering different heat sources. Prog. Electromagn. Res. C 88, 59–76 (2018). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC18081505
Lv, Y., Zheng, H. & Liu, S. Analytical thermal resistance model for high power double-clad fiber on rectangular plate with convective cooling at upper and lower surfaces. Opt. Commun. 419, 141–149 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2018.03.001
Mafi, A. Temperature distribution inside a double-cladding optical fiber laser or amplifier. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 37, 1821–1828 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.390935
Peterka, P., Faure, B., Blanc, W., Karásek, M. & Dussardier, B. Theoretical modelling of S-band thulium-doped silica fibre amplifiers. Opt. Quantum Electron. 36, 201–212 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:OQEL.0000015640.82309.7d
Koška, P., Peterka, P. & Doya, V. Numerical modelling of pump absorption in coiled and twisted double-clad fibers. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron. 22, 55–62 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2490100
Darwich, D. et al., 140 μm single-polarization passive fully aperiodic large-pitch fibers operating near 2 μm. Appl. Opt. 56, 9221–9224 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.009221
Franczyk, M., Stępień, R., Filipkowski, A., Pysz, D. & Buczyński, R. Nanostructured core active fiber based on ytterbium doped phosphate glass. IEEE J. Light. Technol. 37, 5885–5891 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2019.2941664
Michalska, M., Brojek, W., Rybak, Z., Sznelewski, P., Mamajek, M. & Świderski, J. Highly stable, efficient Tm-doped fiber laser—a potential scalpel for low invasive surgery. Laser Phys. Lett. 13, 115101 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1088/1612-2011/13/11/115101
Todorov, F. et al. Active optical fibers and components for fiber lasers emitting in the 2-µm spectral range. Materials 13, 5177 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225177
Schreiber, T., Eberhardt, R., Limpert, J. & Tunnermann, A. High-power fiber lasers and amplifiers: fundamentals and enabling technologies to enter the upper limits. in Fiber lasers 7–61 (ed. Okhotnikov, O. G.) (Wiley-VCH, 2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527648641.ch2
Department of Fiber Lasers and Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 1014/57 Chaberská St., 18251 Praha 8, Czech Republic
The paper analyses the operation of different types of electronic colour sensors based on the light spectrum analysis. The application goal was to detect the type of the airport lamp based on differences in colour components of the light emitted by luminaires with specific spectral characteristics. Recognition of airport lamps is based on the analysis of the light spectrum. Proposed solution allows for an automatic software selection of appropriate conversion factors and comparison with specific standards necessary for this type of measurements. Various types of sensors were discussed and the AS7262 sensor was examined in detail. The colour sensor and the light intensity sensor were used in the mobile control device for examining elevated airport lamps and in the measurement platform for quality testing of embedded airport lamps. Two additional aspects were investigated: 1) influence of an additional acrylic glass cover; 2) distance between airport lamps and the spectrum sensor.
European Aviation Safety Agency. Certification Specifications (CS) and Guideline Material (GM) for Aerodrome Design. Edition 3, Annex to Decision No. 2016/027/R of the EASA Executive Director. (2016).
Szpakowski, P. Lotnicza choinka czyli o świetlnych pomocach nawigacyjnych i ich kontroli. Safe Sky, Biuletyn Bezpieczeństwa Polskiej Agencji Żeglugi Powietrznej 4, 4–13 (2020) [in Polish].
Novak, T., Dudek, J., Kolar, V., Sokansky, K. & Baleja, R. Solution of problems with short lifetime of airfield halogen lamps. in 18th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE) 1–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2017.7967298
Suder, J. Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Low complex¬ity lane detection methods for light photometry system. Electronics 10, 1665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141665
Podbucki, K., Suder, J., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Elektroniczna matryca pomiarowa do badania lamp lotniskowych. Prz. Elektrotechniczny 2, 47–51 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.02.12 [in Polish]
Żagan, W. Podstawy Techniki Świetlnej. (Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2005). [in Polish]
Suder, J., Maciejewski, P., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Platforma pomiarowa do badania jakości działania lamp lotniskowych. Pomiary, Automatyka, Robotyka 23, 5–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.14313/PAR_232/5 [in Polish]
ADB Safe gate, High Intensity Unidirectional Elevated Light for Approach, Threshold and Runway End and for Sequenced Flashing Lights (SFLS) Runway Threshold Identification (RTILS) Systems, User Manual, UM-4020/AM02-630e, Rev. 2.0, (May 19, 2020). https://adbsafegate.com/documents/2326/en/manual-uel
Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automation and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, 24 Jana Pawła II Ave., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Object tracking based on Siamese networks has achieved great success in recent years, but increasingly advanced trackers are also becoming cumbersome, which will severely limit deployment on resource-constrained devices. To solve the above problems, we designed a network with the same or higher tracking performance as other lightweight models based on the SiamFC lightweight tracking model. At the same time, for the problems that the SiamFC tracking network is poor in processing similar semantic information, deformation, illumination change, and scale change, we propose a global attention module and different scale training and testing strategies to solve them. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, this paper has done comparative experiments on the ILSVRC, OTB100, VOT2018 datasets. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can significantly improve the performance of the benchmark algorithm.
Aiming at the problems of low accuracy, low efficiency and low stability of traditional methods and recent developments in advanced technology incite the industries to be in sync with modern technology. With respect to various available techniques, this paper designs a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the manufacturing industry for transferring risk based on economic big-data analytics. The big-data analysis method is utilized to obtain the data source of fuzzy evaluation of the manufacturing industry to transfer risk using data as the basis of risk evaluation. Based on the risk factors, the proposed model establishes the risk index system of the manufacturing industry and uses the expert evaluation method to design the scoring method of the evaluation index system. To ensure the accuracy of the evaluation results, the manufacturing industry's fuzzy comprehensive model is established using the entropy weight method, and the expert evaluation results are modified accordingly. The experimental results show that the highest efficiency of the proposed method is 96%, the highest accuracy of the evaluation result is 75%. The evaluation result's stability is higher than the other existing methods, which fully verifies the effectiveness and can provide a reliable theoretical basis for enterprise risk evaluation research.
Quick development of computer techniques and increasing computational power allow for building high-fidelity models of various complex objects and processes using historical data. One of the processes of this kind is an air traffic, and there is a growing need for traffic mathematical models as air traffic is increasing and becoming more complex to manage. This study concerned the modelling of a part of the arrival process. The first part of the research was air separation modelling by using continuous probability distributions. Fisher Information Matrix was used for the best fit selection. The second part of the research consisted of applying regression models that best match the parameters of representative distributions. Over a dozen airports were analyzed in the study and that allowed to build a generalized model for aircraft air separation in function of traffic intensity. Results showed that building a generalized model which comprises traffic from various airports is possible. Moreover, aircraft air separation can be expressed by easy to use mathematical functions. Models of this kind can be used for various applications, e.g.: air separation management between aircraft, airports arrival capacity management, and higher-level air traffic simulation or optimization tasks.
High-speed switching capabilities of SiC MOSFET power modules allow building high power converters working with elevated switching frequencies offering high efficiencies and high power densities. As the switching processes get increasingly rapid, the parasitic capacitances and inductances appearing in SiC MOSFET power modules affect switching transients more and more significantly. Even relatively small parasitic capacitances can cause a significant capacitive current flow through the SiC MOSFET power module. As the capacitive current component in the drain current during the turn-off process is significant, a commonly used method of determining the switching power losses based on the product of instantaneous values of drain-source voltage and drain current may lead to a severe error. Another problem is that charged parasitic capacitances discharge through the MOSFET resistive channel during the turn-on process. As this happens in the internal structure, that current is not visible on the MOSFET terminals. Fast switching processes are challenging to measure accurately due to the imperfections of measurement probes, like their output signals delay mismatch. This paper describes various problems connected with the correct determination of switching power losses in high-speed SiC MOSFET power modules and proposes solutions to these problems. A method of achieving a correct time alignment of waveforms collected by voltage and current probes has been shown and verified experimentally. In order to estimate SiC MOSFET channel current during the fast turn-off process, a method based on the estimation of nonlinear parasitic capacitances current has also been proposed and verified experimentally
The iterative learning fault-tolerant control strategies with non-strict repetitive initial state disturbances are studied for the linear discrete networked control systems (NCSs) and the nonlinear discrete NCSs. In order to reduce the influence of the initial state disturbance in iteration, for the linear NCSs, considering the external disturbance and actuator failure, the iterative learning fault-tolerant control strategy with impulse function is proposed. For the nonlinear NCSs, the external disturbance, packet loss and actuator failure are considered, the iterative learning fault-tolerant control strategy with random Bernoulli sequence is provided. Finally, the proposed control strategies are used for simulation research for the linear NCSs and the nonlinear NCSs. The results show that both strategies can reduce the influence of the initial state disturbance on the tracking effect, which verifies the effectiveness of the given method.
In the era of smart manufacturing and Industry 4.0, the rapid development of modelling in production processes results in the implementation of new techniques, such as additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. However, large invest-ments in the devices in the field of AM technologies require prior analysis to identify the possibilities of improving the production process flow. This paper proposes a new approach to determine and optimize the production process flow with improvements made by the AM technologies through the application of the Petri net theory. The existing produc-tion process is specified by a Petri net model and optimized by AM technology. The modified version of the system is verified and validated by the set of analytic methods safeguarding against the formal errors, deadlocks, or unreachable states. The proposed idea is illustrated by an example of a real-life production process.
The aim of the article is to present an exemplary system for recording and analyzing quality costs and to demonstrate that it is helpful in planning and assessing the effectiveness of continuous improvement processes at the operational and strategic level. Various approaches to defining quality costs are described, followed by indicators for assessing effectiveness and tools to collect data on the values of individual groups of quality costs and compare them with financial indicators. The practical part presents a case study on the quality cost accounting system in a medical company and the possibility of using quality cost accounting to plan and evaluate continuous improvement processes and make managerial decisions.
The aim of our research is to gain understanding about material flow related information sharing in the circular economy value network in the form of industrial symbiosis. We need this understanding for facilitating new industrial symbiosis relationships and to support the optimization of operations. Circular economy has been promoted by politics and regulation by EU. In Finland, new circular economy strategy raises the facilitation of industrial symbiosis and data utilization as the key actions to improve sustainability and green growth. Companies stated that the practical problem is to get information on material availability. Digitalization is expected to boost material flows in circular economy by data, but what are the real challenges with circular material flows and what is the willingness of companies to develop co-operation? This paper seeks understanding on how Industry 4.0 is expected to improve the efficiency of waste or by-product flows and what are the expectations of companies. The research question is: How Industry 4.0 technologies and solutions can fix the gaps and discontinuities in the Industrial Symbiosis information flow? This research is conducted as a qualitative case study research with three cases, three types of material and eight companies. Interview data were collected in Finland between January and March 2021. Companies we interviewed mentioned use-cases for sensors and analytics to optimize the material flow but stated the investment cost compared to the value of information. To achieve sustainable circular material flows, the development needs to be done in the bigger picture, for the chain or network of actors, and the motivation and the added value must be found for each of them.
In digital revolution, the appropriate IT infrastructure, technological knowledge are essential for the success of companies, where the success of the digital transformation depends on digital maturity. The aim of the study is to define the digital maturity, theoretical foundation of the digital maturity model and present a framework for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) understanding where they are in digitalisation (how advanced their digital resource system and digital approach) to respond faster and efficiently to environmental changes. The model construction is based on theory of dynamic capabilities, graduation models, and SMEs management challenges. The model is a dynamic model to support management in strategic, digital and organizational developments, which is divided into IT and organizational dimensions, including 6 components and 28 subcomponents. The ultimate goal of the study is to determine the component weights to create a neurofuzzy model.
Technological progress is the driving force behind industrial development. It is a multidimensional and multi-level phenomenon. In this article we focus on its three manifestations: information and communication technologies (ICT), Industry 4.0 and agile manufacturing. The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between these constructs as they are undoubtedly interrelated. ICT plays a key role, but it is not a goal itself. They are a prerequisite for the implementation of Industry 4.0, but together with it they serve to achieve agility by the manufacturing system and, as a result, achieve a competitive advantage by companies operating in turbulent and unpredictable environment. The literature findings in this paper are part of a broader study conducted on the impact of ICT on agility of SMEs operating in India. Therefore, we include also subsections showing the level of this relationship in Indian SMEs.
Enterprise innovation is currently becoming a recognized factor of the competitiveness, survival, and development of companies in the market economy. Managers still need recommendations on ways of stimulating the growth of innovation in their companies. The objective of this paper is to identify the strategic factors of enterprise innovativeness in the area of technology, defined as the most important internal factors positively impacting the innovativeness of enterprises in a strategic perspective. Empirical studies were conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method on a purposive sample of N = 180 small and medium-sized innovative industrial processing enterprises in Poland. Data analysis was performed using Exploratory Factor Analysis within the Confirmatory Factor Analysis framework (E-CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Empirical research shows that the strategic factor of enterprise innovativeness in the area of technology is technological activity. A technologically active company should (1) possess a modern machinery stock, (2) conduct systematic technological audits, and (3) maintain close technical cooperation with the suppliers of raw materials, consumables, and intermediates. The implementation of the indicated recommendations by managers should lead to increased innovativeness of small and medium-sized industrial companies. The author recommends the use of the presented research procedure and data analysis methods in further studies.
The present paper describes a methodological framework developed to select a multi-label dataset transformation method in the context of supervised machine learning techniques. We explore the rectangular 2D strip-packing problem (2D-SPP), widely applied in industrial processes to cut sheet metals and paper rolls, where high-quality solutions can be found for more than one improvement heuristic, generating instances with multi-label behavior. To obtain single-label datasets, a total of five multi-label transformation methods are explored. 1000 instances were generated to represent different 2D-SPP variations found in real-world applications, labels for each instance represented by improvement heuristics were calculated, along with 19 predictors provided by problem characteristics. Finally, classification models were fitted to verify the accuracy of each multi-label transformation method. For the 2D-SPP, the single-label obtained using the exclusion method fit more accurate classification models compared to the other four multi-label transformation methods adopted.
en
pl
