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Number of results: 931
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Abstract

Analysis of groundwater quality in the alluvial aquifer of the lower Soummam Valley, North-East of Algeria, was realised through the application of multivariate statistical methods: hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) in Q and R modes, factorial correspondence analysis (FCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), to hydrochemical data from 51 groundwater samples, collected from 17 boreholes during periods of June, September 2016 and March 2017. The objectives of this approach are to characterise the water quality and to know the factors which govern its evolution by processes controlling its chemical composition. The Piper diagram shows two hydrochemical facies: calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Statistical techniques HCA, PCA, and FCA reveal two groups of waters: the first (EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl–, SO42– and NO3–) of evaporitic origin linked to the dissolution processes of limestone rocks, leaching of saliferous soils and anthropogenic processes, namely contamination wastewater and agricultural activity, as well marine intrusion; and the second group (Na+, K+, and HCO3–) of carbonated origin influenced by the dissolution of carbonate formations and the exchange of bases. The thermodynamic study has shown that all groundwater is undersaturated with respect to evaporitic minerals. On the other hand, it is supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals, except for water from boreholes F9, F14, and F16, which possibly comes down to the lack of dissolution and arrival of these minerals. The results of this study clearly demonstrate the utility of multivariate statistical methods in the analysis of groundwater quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Messaoud Ghodbane
1
ORCID: ORCID
Lahcen Benaabidate
2
ORCID: ORCID
Abderrahmane Boudoukha
3
ORCID: ORCID
Aissam Gaagai
4
ORCID: ORCID
Omar Adjissi
5
ORCID: ORCID
Warda Chaib
4
ORCID: ORCID
Hani Amir Aouissi
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Mohamed Boudiaf, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory of City, Environment, Society and Sustainable Development, 166 Ichebilia, 28000, M’sila, Algeria
  2. University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Laboratory of Functional Ecology and Environment Engineering, Fez, Morocco
  3. University of Batna 2, Laboratory of Applied Research in Hydraulics, Batna, Algeria
  4. Scientific and Technical Research Center for Arid Areas (CRSTRA), Biskra, Algeria
  5. University of Mohamed Boudiaf, Faculty of Technology, M’sila, Algeria
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Abstract

The research aimed to find suitable solutions to reduce the salinity stress of irrigation water for some types of vegetables in hydroponics under two drip and mist irrigation systems. The different concentrations of NaCl for irrigation water, are 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm used. Proline (30 mg∙dm –3), humic acid (300 mg∙dm –3) and compared without any from them were used to study their effect on the yield, and water use efficiency. The results indicated that the highest spinach and courgette yield (4.657 and 5.153 kg∙m –2) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest yield (0.348 and 0.634 kg∙m –2) was observed for the SW4000 treatment, respectively. The use of humic acid led to an increased yield on average by about 16.8 and 19.3% for spinach, and 39.4 and 51.7% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. Using proline led to an increased average yield of about 32.9 and 33% for spinach, and 51.8 and 58.4% for courgette, under drip and mist irrigation, respectively. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) of spinach and courgette (43.1 and 51.5 kg∙m –3) was observed for the DP500 treatment, and the lowest (3.2 and 6.3 kg∙m –3) was observed for the SW4000 treatment. According to our study, the use of proline and humic acid could compensate for the adverse effects of salinity under mist spraying more than drip irrigation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed I. Abd-Elhakim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Department, Nadi El-Said St., P.O. Box 256, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

Currently, we are facing the ever-increasing phenomenon of bacteria being resistant to antibiotics. It is the consequence of excessive and incorrect use of drugs. The phenomenon is a global problem affecting bacteria both in their hospital population and in the natural environment. Municipal waste is an environment conducive to the development of microorganisms, therefore it contains various groups of bacteria, including drug-resistant staphylococci. The aim of the study was to identify species of bacteria, determine their antibiotic resistance, and assess the occurrence of genes responsible for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from mixed municipal waste. Strains were isolated by Koch’s serial dilution method with the use of microbiological media. Species were identified using the MALDI TOF-MS technique, whereas the drug resistance profile was determined by disk diffusion and molecular PCR methods. 250 isolates of S. aureus were collected. The highest resistance found was to cefoxitin, erythromycin and tetracycline. Among the bacteria collected, resistance to 1, 2, 3 or 4 antibiotics at the same time was the most common, with a maximum of 10. Additionally, 45 (18%) MDR (multidrug-resistant) isolates were detected. Methicillin resistance was found by the disk diffusion test in 60 (24%) strains, while the mecA gene was detected in as many as 180 (72%) isolates.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Department of Microbiology and Biomonitoring, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Contamination of water bodies by heavy metals is a continuously growing environmental issue. High concentrations of mercury (Hg) in river waters are a recognized environmental problem, because it is one of the most toxic heavy metal ions as it causes damage to the central nervous system. Its negative impact has led to the development of different methods for the treatment of effluents contaminated with Hg(II). The aim of this article is to evaluate the use of coffee ( Coffea arabica) residues as adsorbent of Mercury in an aqueous solution. Four kinetic models, including intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich kinetic models were applied to explore the internal mechanism of mercury adsorption. Results indicate that the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models could accurately describe the adsorption process. It means that chemical adsorption play an important role in the adsorption of mercury by activated carbon. Meanwhile, the external mass transfer process is more effective in controlling the activated carbon mercury adsorption according to the fitting result of the pseudo-first-order model. The fitting to Langmuir’s model suggested that the material surface is energetically homogeneous. The technique of contaminated biomass encapsulation proved to be safe for short-term disposal when metal recovery is not desired.
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Authors and Affiliations

Candelaria N. Tejada-Tovar
1
ORCID: ORCID
María M. Rocha-Caicedo
2
Isabel C. Paz-Astudillo
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universidad de Cartagena, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Avenida Del Consulado 48-152, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
  2. Universidad del Tolima, Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Ibagué, Colombia
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Abstract

This study explains water quality in terms of seven heavy metals in the Upstream Citarum River and analyses human health risk (non-carcinogenic risk) for adults and children. Water samples were collected from five sampling locations along the Upstream Citarum River, i.e. from Majalaya Sub-District to Dayeuhkolot Sub-District. The contents of heavy metals were analysed by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) variant 240 FS. The results of the analysis showed that the pollution index value, which was categorised as slightly polluted from the highest to the lowest value, was as follows: location 4 (4.220) > location 1 (3.764) > location 2 (3.219) > location 5 (2.967) > location 3 (2.800). Values of the hazard index ( HI) for adults and children were as follows: Pb > Cr > Cd > Zn > Ni > Co > Cu. Pb and Cr have HI values greater than 1. This indicates that these metals can have a negative impact on public health. The HI in the ingestion pathway was greater than that of the dermal pathway, and the HI value for children was greater than that for adults. Further research is needed regarding the health risks from groundwater around the area which is used directly by the community because river water and groundwater systems are interconnected through streambeds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nurul Fahimah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Indah R.S. Salami
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katharina Oginawati
1
ORCID: ORCID
Septian H. Susetyo
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agam Tambun
1
Asep N. Ardiwinata
2
Sukarjo Sukarjo
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institut Teknologi Bandung, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Environmental Management Technology Research Group, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
  2. Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Bogor, Indonesia
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Abstract

Atmospheric deposition, vehicular transportation and de-icing agents are major sources polluted snow in urban. This study investigates the current trace elements concentrations of snow and de-icing using ICP-MS, and phytotoxicity using three vascular plants in snow. The study assesses the contamination, classification and phytotoxicity of snow quality removed from roads of residential areas and piled on children’s playgrounds in residential territories. The research found that according to Russian environmental quality standard for water has been identified the exceeding trace elements in snow by W, Se, Mn, Cu, V, Mo, Ni and Zn. The pollution indices ( PLI, CF and Zc) were identified pollution level of snow piles from moderate contamination to very high contamination. Based on average germination index values for Sinapis alba L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum aestivum L., the degree of inhibition in snow piles varied from no inhibition to strong inhibition. The trace elements content in de-icing “Galit А” and salt sand mix are defined in the following descending order: Zn > Mn > Ba > V > Rb > Sr and Mn > Ba > Cr > V > Sr > Ni, respectively. High concentrations of trace elements in snow piles are a source of environmental pollution. To prevent snow storage and disposal in residential areas should be involved in future studies of environmental pollution and circular economy, so that environmental managers can reduce threats to the environment and public health, as well as initiate circular economy projects in urban areas.
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Authors and Affiliations

Evgeniya Ushakova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Elena Menshikova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tatiana Karavaeva
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alexey Puzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Margarita Volkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sergey Vaganov
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Perm State University, Natural Science Institute, Genkel St 4, 614990 Perm, Russia
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Abstract

Arid and semi-arid areas are characterised by differentiation in meteorological conditions. Sometimes the rains are rare and not very intense and at other times they are dense and very intense, resulting in torrents that often lead to strong soil erosion. Most of the time, the losses occur at the solids level because the erosion effect is too high. In this study, we want to evaluate the transfer of solid sediments as a function of liquid transport in the basin of Wadi Zeddine at Ain Defla in Algeria. To understand this phenomenon, we used the data of liquid flows ( Ql, m 3∙s –1) and concentration of suspended sediments ( C, g∙dm –3), transported in the river, the data collected by the NWRA (National Water Resources Agency), over 24 years have been used to find a relationship between these two quantities, to estimate the quantity of solid transport Qs (kg∙s –1) in the watercourse of the catchment area studied. The results obtained show a good correlation between solid and liquid flows, with a correlation coefficient estimated at 90%, and the average annual sediment supply recorded at the outlet of the Wadi Zeddine watershed is estimated at around 88,048 Mg, which corresponds to 202 Mg∙km –2∙y –1/ erosion rate. This value is comparable to those found in other regions with similar hydrological regimes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zohir Bouleknafet
1
ORCID: ORCID
Omar Elahcene
1

  1. Ziane Achour University Djelfa, Sciences of Natural and Life Faculty, BP 3117, City Ain Chih, Djelfa, 17000, Algeria
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Abstract

This research analysed the availability of phytoplankton and the growth rate of Vannamei shrimp in relation to water quality changes. The research was carried out in February–March 2021 for a half cycle of shrimp cultivation in two ponds of the Brackish Water Fish Culture Probolinggo Laboratory in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. The research used a descriptive method and included a survey. Sampling was made every two weeks for two months. Nine parameters were measured and ten shrimps were taken for a specific growth rate ( SGR) measurement once per sampling. Data were analysed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Secondary data of water quality were added for the PCA. The results show that the phytoplankton found in the first pond consisted of Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, and Cyanophyta, whereas the phytoplankton in the other pond included Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, and Dinophyta. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 12–80∙10 3 cell∙cm –3, which indicated eutrophic waters. The PCA demonstrated that pH, nitrate, and total organic matter (TOM) significantly influenced phytoplankton abundance in the pond. In addition, water quality parameters, such as temperature, transparency, salinity, nitrite and phosphate levels, were tolerable in both ponds for the growth of shrimps. However, the level of pH was lower than the aquaculture quality standard, whereas those of nitrate, ammonia, and TOM were higher. The growth rate of Vannamei shrimp increased by 0.76–7.34%∙day –1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Musa
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Auliarifka A. Thoyibah
4
ORCID: ORCID
Dyah A. Puspitaningtyas
4
ORCID: ORCID
Sulastri Arsad
1 2 3 5
ORCID: ORCID
Mohammad Mahmudi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Evellin D. Lusiana
1 2 3
Maftuch Maftuch
1
Agus S. Huda
6

  1. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
  2. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Aquatic Resources and Ecological Research Group (AquaRES), Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia
  3. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Microbiol Resources and Technology (MicroBase) Group, Post-graduate program, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia
  4. Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, undergraduate students, Malang, Indonesia
  5. Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
  6. Partners or consultants for Brackish Water Fish Culture Probolinggo Laboratory East Java, Universitas Brawijaya, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Indonesia
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Abstract

As the impact of global climate change increases, the interaction of biotic and abiotic stresses increasingly threatens current agricultural practices. The most effective solution to the problem of climate change and a decrease in the amount of atmospheric precipitation is planting extremely drought-resistant and high-yielding crops. Sorghum can grow in harsh conditions such as salinity, drought and limited nutrients, also it is an important part of the diet in many countries. Sorghum can be introduced in many zones of Kazakhstan. Plant height and yield of green plant biomass of 16 sorghum samples in arid conditions were determined based on a set of agrobiological characteristics for field screening. The height of the studied samples of grain sorghum was 0.47 ±0.03 m, and the height of sweet sorghum was much longer, reaching up to 2.88 ±0.12 m. Also, there was a strong difference in green biomass in cultivated areas under different soil and climatic conditions, the green biomass of sweet sorghum was 3.0 Mg∙ha –1, and in grain sorghum, it reached up to 57.4 Mg∙ha –1. Based on the data of the field assessment for various soil and climatic conditions, the following samples were identified for introduction into production: samples of sweet sorghum for irrigated and rainfed lands of the Almaty Region and in the conditions of non-irrigation agriculture of the Aktobe Region – a promising line ICSV 93046. For non-irrigation agriculture of the Akmola Region, genotypes of sweet and grain sorghum are ‘Chaika’, ‘Kinelskoe 4’ and ‘Volzhskoe 44’.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rauan Zhapayev
1
Kristina Toderich
2 3
Gulya Kunypiyaeva
1
Meruyert Kurmanbayeva
4
Mustafa Mustafayev
5
ORCID: ORCID
Zhumagali Ospanbayev
1
Aiman Omarova
1
Adil Kusmangazinov
4

  1. Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Laboratory of Agriculture, Erlepesov St, 1, 040909, Almalybak, Kazakhstan
  2. International Platform for Dryland Research and Education, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
  3. International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), Dubai, UAE
  4. Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Department of Biodiversity and Bioresources, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  5. Azerbaijan National Academy of Science, Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Baku, Azerbaijan
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Abstract

The groundwater of the Nida valley was investigated to assess the quality of water source and monthly variations of the physicochemical parameters. A total of 70 water samples were collected from 7 sampling sites during a 10 months period from June 2021 to March 2022. Sampling frequency was once per month. The parameters such as temperature ( T), electrical conductivity ( EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured in-situ by using handheld device. Meanwhile, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chloride (Cl ), sulphate (SO42–), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analysed in the laboratory. According to the classification of Ministry of Marine Economy and Inland Navigation in Poland (2019), some investigated parameters are classified as unsatisfactory quality waters (class 4) and poor-quality waters (class 5) for a few specific months. Such as, TP concentrations obtained in June and January are classified as class 4, SO 4 2– concentrations corresponded to classes 4 and 5 in June, July and August, and Mn concentrations (except in January) are settled in class 5. The high values of Fe in November are arranged in class 5 and in June, July to September and March are classified in class 4. Statistical methods were used as: Shapiro–Wilk test (α = 0.05), ANOVA test and post-hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05), Kruskal–Wallis test and Wilcoxon (Mann–Whitney) rank sum test (α = 0.05) estimated the significant differences in sampling months. Pearson correlation analysis (α = 0.01 and 0.05), principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis showed correlation between the parameters and sampling months.
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Authors and Affiliations

Cong Ngoc Phan
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Strużyński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Kowalik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Vinh University, Institute of Chemistry, Biology and Environment, 182 Le Duan St, Vinh City, Nghe An Province, Vietnam
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Abstract

The goal of the research was to evaluate the heavy metal detection and potential ecological risks in lake’s water. Geological formations consisting essentially of sandstone and quaternary marine or dune sands characterize the study area. With a climate of the Mediterranean type winters are mild and humid, whereas summers hot and dry. At the analysis center of the Faculty of Sciences, the monitoring of ETMs is carried out by ICP-MS, the processing of data and the validation of the analysis method have been drafted according to the NF T 90-120 standard applicable to the analysis in a laboratory. The analysis covers concentrations of heavy metals, which include Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and As, in the water. Pollution load index ( PLI) values were above one (>1) which indicates progressive deterioration of the water quality. However, contamination factor ( CF) values of Pb and Cu, ranging from 8.31 to 15.68 and from 5.5 to 28.05 respectively, show that the studied water remains under a strong impact by Pb and Cu. Considering the severity of the ecological risk ( Er) for a single metal, the descending order of contaminants is Cu > Pb > Mn > Fe > Zn. In relation to the total ecological risk index ( RI), water from the lake shows low to considerable ecological risk.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Najy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fatima Z. Talbi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hassan Ech-Chafay
1
ORCID: ORCID
Omar Akkaoui
1
Mohamed Lachhab
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abderrahman Achhar
3
Nordine Nouayti
4
Driss Belghyti
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Campus Universitaire B.P. 242, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
  2. Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Settat, Morocco
  3. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Environment & Renewable Energy, Kenitra, Morocco
  4. Abdelmalek Essaadi University, National School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Sciences, Research Team of Water and Environment Management (G2E), Al Hoceima, Morocco
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Abstract

The intensification of agricultural production is one of the factors determining economic development. Increasing mechanisation and use of fertilisers in agriculture lead to higher yields, but at the same time they can pose a threat to the environment. The overuse of chemical fertilisers contributes to increased concentration of nutrients in agricultural runoff. One of such areas is the Szreniawa River catchment, the study area located in the southern part of Poland. In this catchment, intensive mostly mechanical ploughing is applied in, for instance, vegetable production. The area has loess soils, which with intensive ploughing are susceptible to erosion. The study aims to determine changes in the quality of flowing waters against the background of agricultural production and land-use characteristics. Surface waters were classified as class II and occurred at all analysed points. The highest concentrations of N-NO3, N-NH4 and P-PO4 were found at a point in the middle of the catchment (lower part of research area). There, the lowest concentrations were recorded in 2018, which was related to the amount of precipitation during the growing season. On the other hand, the volume of plant and animal production closely correlated with the quality of surface water in the area. This was also confirmed by the land use structure. In conclusion, intensive agricultural production, mainly in terms of plough tillage causes significant hazards associated with soil erosion especially on agriculturally sensitive soils, although it provides good yields.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław K. Lach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Kowalczyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marek T. Kopacz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Kowalewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Jakubiak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert. Mazur
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Grabowska-Polanowska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Management and Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, Poland
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Abstract

Building permit decisions are one of the most important elements of the investment process in Poland. It should be noted that water reservoirs influence the diversification of landscapes by increasing their attractiveness in both urban and rural areas. The article aimed to verify the relationship between the changes in land-use development and investments related to small retention. Another goal was classifying objects for which building permits have been obtained and registered. Changes in land-use development associated with the introduction of ponds, which blend in with the landscape, are desirable from the perspective of retaining water resources in urban and rural ecosystems. The research methodology was based on spatial data and included statistical analyses in three regions: Mazowieckie, Lodzkie and Swietokrzyskie. Studies carried out in these regions showed a spatial correlation associated with investments in small retention. The research used methods of the global I Moran statistic and local Moran statistics. The data used in the study came from the Register of Applications, Decisions and Notifications, made available by the Main Office of Construction Site. The research indicates clusters of investments in small retention in analysed regions. The majority of investors are residents who invest in earth ponds. The study shows that investment in small retention is connected with ecosystem services.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Feltynowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Lodz, Department of Local Government Economics, 3/5 POW Street, Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Rainfall is one of the main components of the hydrologic cycle; thus, the availability of accurate rainfall data is fundamental for designing and operating water resources systems and infrastructure. This study aims to develop an empirical model of rainfall intensity ( It,p) as a function of its probability ( p) and duration ( t). In 1999–2020, data on the hourly duration of rainfall were collected from automatic rainfall recorder (ARR) gauges. The empirical model has been developed using a statistical approach based on duration ( t) and probability ( p), and subsequently they have been validated with those obtained from ARR data. The resulting model demonstrates good performance compared with other empirical formulas (Sherman and Ishiguro) as indicated by the percent bias ( PBIAS) values (2.35–3.17), ratio of the RMSE (root mean square error) between simulated and observed values to the standard deviation of the observations ( RSR, 0.028–0.031), Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency ( NSE, 0.905–0.996), and index of agreement (d, 0.96–0.98) which classified in the rating of “very good” in model performance. The reliability of the estimated intensity based on the empirical model shows a tendency to decrease as duration ( t) increases, and a good accuracy mainly for the rainfall intensity for shorter periods (1-, 2-, and 3-hours), whereas low accuracy for long rainfall periods. The study found that the empirical model exhibits a reliable estimate for rainfall intensity with small recurrence intervals ( Tr) 2-, 5-, 10-, and a 20-year interval and for a shorter duration ( t). Validation results confirm that the rainfall intensity model shows good performance; thus, it could be used as a reliable instrument to estimate rainfall intensity in the study area.
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Authors and Affiliations

Donny Harisuseno
1
ORCID: ORCID
Linda Prasetyorini
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jadfan S. Fidari
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dian Chandrasasi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Brawijaya, Faculty of Engineering, Water Resources Engineering Department, MT. Haryono Street No. 167, 65145, Malang, Indonesia

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