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Abstract

The possibility of producing 3-aminobenzyl alcohol and 3-aminobenzaldehyde by oxidation of 3-aminotoluene with ozone in the solution of acetic anhydrite in the presence of manganese (II) acetate, potassium bromide and sulfuric acid has been shown. The catalytic systems for regulating selectivity and depth of substrate oxidation has been developed. The catalytic system Mn(OAc)₂ – Ac₂0 – H₂SO₄ promotes the formation of alcohol (65.5%) and 3- acetylaminobenzylidendiacetate (20.1%) with the system Mn(OAc)₂ – KBr – Ac₂O – H2SO₄ increases oxidation selectivity on the methyl group to 90.8% producing mainly aldehyde (80.8%) The optimum temperature of selective oxidation of 3– aminotoluene with the ozone – air mixture (30°C) which is much lower than that of oxidation by the known methods (120°-240°C) and the optimum rations of the reagents concentrations: for alcohol synthesis – [ArCH3] : [Mn(OAc)₂] : [H₂SO₄] =1 : 0.2 : 2.5; for aldehyde synthesis –[ ArCH3]: [Mn(OAc)₂] : [KBr] aldehyde synthesis – [ArCH3] : [Mn(OAc)₂] : [KBr] : [H₂SO₄] = 1:0.2:2.5 have been determined.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Galstyan
G. Galstyan
L. Timoshyna
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Abstract

This work is an analysis of fabrication of a prior-designed wind turbine blade using the CAM system software. The presented research was realized on a 5-axis CNC machine.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Mateusz Zimoch
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Abstract

This work is an analysis of construction and creation of a 3D model of a wind turbine blade in a CAD environment, using SOLIDWORKS on the basis of forces influencing the blade, which were determined using WIATRAK 1.1 software. The presented process is related to the issues of 3D modelling of a wind turbine blade and simulation of fabrication process in the CAM environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Mateusz Zimoch
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Abstract

This work analyzes the process of construction and manufacturing of a blade used in a wind turbine. The calculation scheme is presented for forces generated on the blade of a wind turbine and parameters are determined of weather conditions in which the designed element would be working. Subsequently, for the chosen aerodynamic profile the characteristics are calculated of its aerodynamic coefficients, which enables the establishing of the angle of attack which impacts the yield of wind engines. The presented process is an introduction to 3D modelling of a wind turbine’s blade and simulation of its creation in a CAM environment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Mateusz Zimoch
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Abstract

The article describes selected issues falling within the scope of the technical analysis of a detached building’s heating system with a direct evaporation ground source heat pump installation. This paper covers the characteristics of modernized facility as well as calculations to determine the heat demand. What is more, the article describes the manner in which heat pumps shall be selected, its installation components as well as the receiving installation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
Magdalena Karlikowska
Wojciech Będkowski
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Abstract

The article addresses the issues falling within the scope of the economic analysis of a detached building’s heating system with a direct evaporation ground source heat pump installation. The paper was elaborated based on the data made available by the investment’s contractor and the investor. The paper provides data on the investment expenditures and utility cost, calculations of the installation payback, internal return rate and the current net value.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
Magdalena Karlikowska
Wojciech Będkowski
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Abstract

This paper shall present and explain the key aspects related to the issue of combined heat and power generation (CHP – Combined Heat and Power or Cogeneration). The cooperation with the water treatment plant launched allowed a closer look at the described technology as well as allowed the analyses and survey. The survey on the efficacy of the selected components of the cogeneration system was based on two cogeneration units fuelled with biogas produced in the sewage fermentation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
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Abstract

The article analyses selected aspects of the technology and logistics used to modernise a coal-fired heating plant to switch to woodchips, which is illustrated with a specific investment. The study presents characteristics of the investment’s heat economy before the modernisation, as well as the assumptions and program of the project. Finally, selected effects of the modernisation have been described
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
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Abstract

The article focuses on selected aspects of the technical and economic analysis of the 0.8 MW agricultural biogas plant. The electrical power, generated in a cogeneration system, fed power to the neighbouring overhead power grid, Węgrów – Sokołów Podlaski, while the heat energy recovered from combustion gases and liquids cooling the engine was used to heat digesters, a residential building, drying room and farm buildings. The planned annual production equals c.a. 6400 MWh per year given the 8000 h of engine operation. The substrates used as input for the digestive chambers were as follows: fermented maize, pig slurry and liquid digestate pulp.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Mikołaj Kominek
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Abstract

The paper contains the economic analysis of the carried out modernisation of the facilities of a water-park consisting in fitting solar collectors for heating of tap hot water and central heating system. The article presents the data showing investment outlays, operating costs and the calculations concerning the payback time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
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Abstract

The paper contains the technical analysis of the carried out modernisation of the facilities of a water-park consisting in fitting solar collectors for the heating of tap hot water and central heating system. The article includes information on the modernisation carried out with a particular emphasis on analysing the way in which the equipment has been selected and technical solutions employed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
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Abstract

The paper presents selected issues relating to the energy analysis of the air heat pump for hot water. Experimental studies on a test stand made it possible to verify the operational parameters of the heat pump under actual conditions of use. The study shows that heating the water in the storage tank with the capacity of 130 dm3 from 25°C to 40°C took approximately 60 minutes and the water heating for another 5°C took 30 minutes longer. The heat pump process in the field of higher water temperature in the tank is less effective, thus heating the water in the tank above 50°C is less favorable economically.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Szreder
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Abstract

This paper presents the results of measurements of the operation of a photovoltaic system, connected to the power grid. The intensity of solar radiation and the ambient temperature in the location of the installation were simultaneously recorded in different weather conditions on selected days throughout the year. For the combined results the analysis of correlation in terms of efficiency of individual exemplary photovoltaic installation was conducted.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Sarniak
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of laboratory tests concerning the cutting process of basket willow by means of disc cutting unit. A disc for cutting wood with diameter of 600mm was used in the tests. The influence of plant’s moisture and the rotary speed of the disc of cutting unit on the unitary energy were determined. The most favorable values of the operating parameters of the cutting unit were selected according to the minimum energy requirement in the cutting process of the tested plant.
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Authors and Affiliations

Henryk Rode
Marcin Chęciński
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Abstract

The paper presents the problem of intelligent installations in buildings, their construction and integration with other systems present in the building. Attention has been focused on systems designed to ensure the safety of property and persons residing in different facilities. It also discusses ways to control the microclimate and other aspects of the building so as to obtain the maximum comfort of the people placed in them. Considering its high popularity, the smart installation based on the KNX/EIB standard is further discussed, examples of algorithms for dealing with security threats are given as well as the functions indicated which can improve the comfort of using a facility.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Majcher
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Abstract

The paper presents the simulation analysis determining the effect of tyre energy efficiency class on fuel consumption of a passenger car. Calculations were made assuming the wheel movement on a dry and smooth asphalt road surface. The tests based on a simulation model were performed on 61 types of tyres, being characterised by different sizes and energy efficiency classes. Different values of rolling resistance coefficient were adopted (in accordance with energy efficiency classes), also, the values of basic and additional resistance to motion were determined. Based on them, engine speeds and load torque corresponding to respective specific fuel consumption were estimated. This parameter allowed the relationship between average mileage fuel consumption and tyre energy efficiency class to be determined on the basis of the NEDC test.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski
Tomasz Stoeck
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Abstract

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effect of electric car performance characteristics on vehicle energy consumption and driving range. The test object was a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle. The characteristic curves of basic and additional resistance to motion (sum of rolling resistance and air resistance and inertia resistance or grade resistance, respectively) were applied to the model characteristic curve of electric motor torque of the tested vehicle. Based on that, the graphs describing the relationships between vehicle energy consumption and vehicle speed were made (for specific values of car acceleration / acclivity grade) as well as the relations between vehicle driving range and its traction properties. It was concluded that the use of performance characteristics significantly increased the vehicle’s energy consumption and decreased the available vehicle’s driving range.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski
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Abstract

The current hypotheses of water structure and influence of the magnetic field on the change in its structure have been analyzed. The hypotheses of the feasibility of using high-frequency electromagnetic fields to enhance their impact on the water structure and the stability of this process have been formulated. Experimental studies on using water treated in high-frequency electromagnetic fields for eco-concrete production have been carried out.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nataliya Zhuravska
Eduard Malkin
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Abstract

In the paper the new constructions of robots, modern technologies of painting and newest methods of paint robots programming were presented. Fanuc P-250iA robot using to painting was characterized. The general characteristic of robot with controller R-30iA was demonstrated. The technology and the paint equipment applied to paint frames and load-carrying boxes was shown. The possibilities of simulation software Roboguide were presented exactly, which is a tool for robot environment simulation on a computer PC. Roboguide system application can reduce the programming time of robots and necessary programs optimization conducted before implementation to production.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Wolny
Tadeusz Zloto
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding bio-components in the form of methyl esters of corn oil to the milesPLUS diesel oil on its fractional composition. The corn biofuel was produced in-house by using an own-design GW-200 reactor. The diesel fuel evaporated at temperatures ranging from 162 to 352oC. The addition of 7, 20 and 40% of a bio-component in principle does not affect the deterioration of the starting point distillation temperatures. They affect the temperature at the end of distillation to a greater extent, resulting in temperatures exceeding 360oC.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bolesław Pracuch
Grzegorz Wcisło
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Abstract

During studying and mathematical description of the trends of urbanized territories development as ecological and town-planning systems there were several vague similarities founded between its major parameters change periodicity and other physical values, having undulatory nature. Obtained counterparts had predetermined interest for search of fundamental basics of urbanization. It turned out that all laws of Nature has the same basis – power permanence rule. This law is known in philosophy as principle of «change of unchangeable», in ecology – as a law of ecosystem self-regulation, in accordance to which at conditions of insufficient occupancy of the territory the population amount growths, and at conditions of over-occupancy it decreases. According to research, also development attributable to the dynamics of urbanized territories is noticeable, in which all the four types of physical interactions are expressed to a certain degree. These and other results of research have allowed to articulate the main principles of ecological space «urban physics» content, which have proven to be coordinated with the postulates of new single field physics (Bishkek version). The above-mentioned have allowed to lay down the theoretical foundation for an occurrence of a new branch in the science of townplanning i.e. wave urbanistics, as a science of management by unduly processes of territories development in order to provide a conditions of their sustainable development.
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Authors and Affiliations

Iryna Ustinova
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Abstract

In the article the equations have been worked making it possible to model the motion of freerunning grain mixture flow on a flat sloping vibrating sieve within the framework of shallow water theory. Free-running grain mixture is considered as a heterogeneous system consisting of two phases, one of which represents solid particles and the other one gas. The mixture is brought into a state of fluidity by means of high-frequency vibration imposition. Coefficients of internal and external friction and dynamic-viscosity decrease by exponential law as the fluctuation intensity is increased. When considering grain mixture dynamics, the following assumptions are put forward: we ignore the air presence in space between particles, we consider the density of particles to be constant, the free-running mixture is similar to Newtonian liquid. The basic system of equations of grain mixture dynamics is due to the laws of continuum mechanics. The equation of continuity is issued from the law of conservation of mass, and the dynamic equations are issued from the law of variation of momentum. The stress tensor equals to the sum of the equilibrium tensor and the dissipative tensor. The equilibrium part of the stress tensor is represented by the spherical tensor, which is found to conform to Pascal law for liquids, and the dissipative part, which is responsible for viscous force effect and defined by Navier-Stokes law. Boundary conditions on the surfaces (restricting the capacity of the free-running grain mixture) have been researched. The distributions of apparent density and velocity field are assigned at the inlet and outlet flow sections of the mixture. The normal velocity component of the grain mixture on the side frames and on the sieve becomes zero, which meets the no-fluid-loss condition of the medium through the frame. Beyond that point at this time we satisfy dynamic conditions, which characterize the mixture sliding down the hard frame, motion flow resistance force is represented as average velocity linear dependence. A kinematic condition and two dynamic ones are stipulated on the free surface layer. One of the conditions states mass flow continuity across the free surface, the other one states the stress continuity while passing through the free surface. The basic premise of planned motion equations is the condition of small size of flow depth in comparison with its width. With the use of shallow water theory the basic principles of the equations of flow dynamics are simplified and for their solving a Cauchy problem can be set.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Piven

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