A source of pure silicon was added into an alloy refining system during a refining process with the application of a direct electric current. The effect of the temperature difference between the graphite electrodes and the alloy was decreased. The temperature increase value (ΔT) of the Al-28.51wt.%Si alloy sample caused by Joule heating was calculated by weighing the mass of primary silicon. When the current density was 5.0×105 A/m2, the overall temperature increase in the alloy was about 90°C regardless of the alloy composition. Adequate silicon atoms recorded the footprint of the electric current in the alloy melt. The flow convection generated by the electric current in the melt during the solidification process resulted in the refinement of primary silicon. The Fe impurity content in alloy refining without the electric current density was 2.16 ppm. However, it decreased to 1.27 ppmw with the application of an electric current density of 5.0×105 A/m2.

Indeed, nanofluids have garnered significant interest in various fields due to their numerous advantages and potential ap-plications. The appeal of SiO₂ nanofluid, in particular, lies in its low preparation cost, simple production process, controlled chemistry, environmental safety and its exceptional ability to be homogeneously suspended in the base fluid, which makes it a promising candidate for a variety of applications. In this study, we investigate the flow analysis of a water based silicon dioxide nanofluid, passing over a stretched cylinder while subjected to a continuous magnetic field, including Joule heating effects. The research involves the development of a mathematical model and the formulation of governing equations rep-resented as partial differential equations. These equations are subsequently transformed into non-linear ordinary differential equations through suitable transformations. To obtain a numerical solution, the MATLAB bvp4c solver technique is em-ployed. The study investigates the implications of dimensionless parameters on velocity and thermal distributions. It is observed that the velocity distribution f'(η) exhibits a direct relationship with the volumetric fraction ϕ and an inverse relationship with the unsteadiness parameter S, the magnetic parameter M, and the temperature distribution θ(η) shows an enhancement for the increasing ϕ and M, as well as the Eckert number. However, it declines against S and the Prandtl number. The results for local Nusselt number and skin frictions are depicted in Tables.