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Number of results: 21
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Abstract

Natural resources and the extractive industries play a central role in the economy of developing countries and the lives of nearly half of the world’s population. The increasing demand for oil, gas, and mineral resources has led some countries to prioritize the extractive industries; yet, there is growing empirical evidence that in some cases governments have neglected other sectors of the economy, making them highly dependent and vulnerable to volatile commodity prices. Latin American countries face the challenge of changing their model of primary-export specialization and move away from their dependence on natural resource-intensive exports in order to avoid being vulnerable to commodity cycles. In this context, given the limited literature available on measuring the dependence on the extraction of oil, gas and minerals of the Ecuadorian economy, the objective of this article is to twofold. First, to provide a snapshot of the historical and current situation of Ecuador’s natural resource dependence. Second, to estimate the Extractives Dependence Index (EDI) scores for Ecuador for the years 2003 to 2017. The EDI is a generally accepted method for measuring a country’s aggregate dependence on natural and mineral resources. Based on the EDI scores obtained, we analyze the variation of this indicator and investigate the effect of extractives dependence on the Ecuadorian economy. Results show that despite the government’s significant efforts to diversify Ecuador’s economy, the country has a persistent dependence on the extractive sector.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pablo Benalcazar
Luis Felipe Orozco
Jacek Kamiński
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Abstract

For much of the last two decades, the Central and East European (CEE) economies have experienced a deep structural reform, moving away from a socialist economic system towards a market economy. The political situation of the second half of the 20th century had a significant impact on the economic development and competitiveness of these transition countries, when compared with their Western European counterparts. A vast number of studies have been conducted to analyze the structural changes required for resource-dependent economies to achieve long-term development and to understand the synergies between commodities and diversification. Yet, the dynamics of resource extraction and the resource dependence of regions that have experienced periods of sustained levels of growth have largely been overlooked, especially the Central and Eastern European region. In this context, this article presents an analysis of the level of resource dependence of six countries which joined the European Union between 2004 and 2007. Using data spanning from the year 2000 to 2017, we calculate the Extractives Dependence Index (EDI) of six former Soviet satellite nations and one former Soviet state. Our results indicate that the commodity structure of trade in the six countries which joined the European Union has changed considerably. These countries have reduced their economic dependence on extractive resources by developing their high value-added and technology-intensive sectors. Our findings also reveal that Poland experienced the highest decrease in EDI scores among the six CEE countries.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Malec
ORCID: ORCID
Pablo Benalcazar
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Abstract

In recent years, interest in the problem of expert knowledge has intensified among social scientists. One of the topics more frequently addressed in this context is the relationship between experts and laypeople. This paper examines this issue from the perspective of the concept of epistemic dependence formulated by John Hardwig. I argue that this concept poses a severe challenge to the vision of scientific inquiry dominant in the scientific literature and to the democratic idea of politics. I examine three strategies encountered in the literature for responding to this challenge: individualist, institutional, and epistocratic. Alvin Goldman advocates the first one, as he presents strategies at the disposal of a layman facing two conflicting expert opinions. The second is the belief in the scientific community’s potential to resolve all controversies and protect non-specialists from confronting them. The third is to eliminate epistemic dependence by including only those with sufficient practical experience in expert discussions. In the end, I conclude that the problem of epistemic dependence has no suitable solution. We should place our hopes only with strategies for circumventing it rather than confronting it.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Grygieńć
1

  1. Instytut Filozofii, Wydział Filozofii i Nauk Społecznych, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, ul. Fosa Staromiejska 1a, Toruń
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Abstract

Long-duration human space missions require intelligent regenerative life support systems that can recycle resources and automatically manage failures. This paper explores using Petri nets to model the reliability and complex interactions of such closed-loop systems. An architecture consisting of primary systems, backups, and consumable reserves is outlined. The automation system that controls everything is described. Petri nets can capture concurrency, failure modes, redundancy, and dynamic behavior. A modular modeling methodology is presented to develop hierarchical Petri net models that scale in fidelity. Elementary fragments represent failures and redundancy. Subsystem modules can be substituted for more detailed models. Analysis and simulation assess system reliability and failure response. This supports designing ultra-reliable systems to safely sustain human life in space.
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Authors and Affiliations

Igor Kabashkin
1
Sergey Glukhikh
1

  1. Transport andTelecommunication Institute, Latvia
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Abstract

This work is an attempt to determine the scale of threats to the mineral security of Poland in the area of non-energy raw materials resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In particular, it aims to identify those industries whose proper functioning may be threatened in the face of the limited supply of raw materials from three directions – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. An element of the analysis was also the indication of possible alternative sources of the supply of these raw materials. For this purpose, the directions of imports to Poland of about 140 non-energy raw materials in 2011–2020 were analyzed. As a result, about thirty raw materials were selected, the supplies of which came from, among others, at least one of the three mentioned countries. To determine the raw materials for which the disruption of supplies may have the most serious impact on the functioning of the Polish economy, the following criteria were adopted: a minimum 20% share of these countries in covering the domestic demand in 2020, and a minimum value of these imports in 2020 of 20 million PLN. These threshold conditions were met by eight raw materials: iron ores and concentrates, carbon black, potash, aluminum, ferroalloys, nickel, ball clays and refractory clays, and synthetic corundum. Among these, the need to change the directions of supplies applies to the greatest extent to iron ores and concentrates, aluminum and nickel, while in the case of non-metallic raw materials, it applies most to ball clays and refractory clays and potassium salts. These are among the most important raw materials necessary for the proper functioning of the national economy, but their shortage or disruptions in the continuity of their supplies pose a real threat to the mineral security of Poland.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Danuta Lewicka
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Burkowicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hubert Czerw
1
ORCID: ORCID
Beata Figarska-Warchoł
1
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof Galos
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Gałaś
1
Katarzyna Guzik
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Kamyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Szlugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This paper proposes a finite-time horizon suboptimal control strategy based on statedependent Riccati equation (SDRE) to control of F16 multirole aircraft. Flight stabilizer control of super maneuverable aircraft is modelled and simulated. For aircraft modelling purpose a full 6 DOF model is considered and described by nonlinear state-space approach. Also a stable state-dependent parametrization (SDP) necessary for solution of the SDRE control problem is proposed. Solution of the SDRE control problem with adequate defined weighting matrices in performance index shows possibility of fast and optimal aircraft control in finite-time. The method in this form can be used for stabilization of aircraft flight and aerodynamics.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chodnicki
1
Paweł Pietruszewski
1
Mariusz Wesołowski
1
Sławomir Stępień
2

  1. Air Force Institute of Technology, Ksiecia Bolesława 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Piotrowo 3a, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

The concept of the existence of the absolute being can be characterized by four criteria which correspond to four existential aspects of the ultimate reality. In volume one of the Controversy over the Existence of the World Roman Ingarden argues that the absolute being is to be characterized as self-sustained, primary, self‑activated and independent. When some general remarks are put aside, the article focuses on arguments that have been adduced by the author in support of three claims. (1) Ingarden accepts the existence of the absolute being and flanks it by additional seven kinds of relative beings. The author finds the abundance supernumerary in the material world. (2) No material (or physical) object possesses properties (or existential moments) that belong to the absolute being. (3) There are fundamental reasons which exclude the possibility that the physical world (the manifold of all material objects) can be identified with the absolute being (absolute existence).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Łagosz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Koszarowa 3, 51-149 Wrocław
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Abstract

In the paper, I analyze four types of ontic subordination, which constitute key elements of Ingardenian ontology: heteronomy, derivativeness, non-self‑reliance and dependency. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the concepts constructed by Ingarden are either logically incorrect, or are not sufficiently explained, or refer not to ontic but to semantic relations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Jadacki
1

  1. prof. em., Uniwersytet Warszawski, Wydział Filozofii, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieście 3, 00-927 Warszawa
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Abstract

Finite Element Method FEM via commercially available software has been used for numerical simulation of the compaction process of bentonite-bonded sand mould. The mathematical model of soil plasticity which involved Drucker-Prager model match with Mohr-Coulomb model was selected. The individual parameters which required for the simulation process were determined through direct shear test based on the variation of sand compactability. The novelty of this research work is that the individual micro-mechanical parameters were adopted depend on its directly proportional to the change of sand density during the compaction process. Boundary conditions of the applied load, roller and fixed constraint were specified. An extremely coarse mesh was used and the solution by time-dependent study was done for investigation of material-dependent behaviour of green sand during the compaction process. The research implemented also simulation of the desired points in sand mould to predict behaviour of moulding process, and prevent failure of the sand mould. Distance-dependent displacement and distance-dependent pressure have been determined to investigate the effective moulding parameters without spent further energy and cost for obtaining green sand mould. The obtained numerical results of the sand displacement show good agreement with the practical results.
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Bibliography

[1] Naeimi, K., Baradaran, H., Ahmadi, R. & Shekari, M. (2015). Study and simulation of the effective factors on soil compaction by tractors wheels using the finite element method. Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics. 46(2), 107-115. DOI: 10.22059/jcamech.2015.55093.
[2] Soane, B. (1990). The role of organic matter in soil compatibility: A review of some practical aspects. Soil & Tillage Research. 16(1-2), 179-201. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0167-1987(90)90029-D.
[3] Minaei, S. (1984). Multi pass effects of wheel and track- type vehicles on soil compaction. MS Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
[4] Chen, Y. Tessier, Y. & Rauffignat, S. (1998). Soil bulk density estimation for tillage systems and soil texture. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 41(4), 1601-1610.
[5] Wenzhen, L. & Junjiao, W. (2007). Numerical Simulation of Compacting Process of Green Sand Molding Based on Sand Filling. Materials Science Forum. 561-565, 879-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565.1879.
[6] Hovad, E., Larsen, P., Walther, J., Thorborg, J. & Hattel,. J.H. (2015). Flow Dynamics of green sand in the DISAMATIC moulding process using Discrete element method (DEM). IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 84(1) 1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012023.
[7] Hua, L., Junjiao, W., Tianyou, H. & Hiroyasu, M. (2011). A new numerical simulation model for high pressure squeezing moulding. China foundry. 8(1) 25-29. ID: 1672-6421(2011)01-025-05.
[8] Schijndel, van, A.W.M.(2007). Integrated heat air and moisture modeling and simulation. Doctoral dissertation, Eindhoven University of Technology. https://doi.org/ 10.6100/IR622370.
[9] Terzaghi, K. (1976). Earthwork mechanics based on soil physics (in German). G. Gistel & Cie. GmbH, Wien.
[10] Tomas, J. (1991). Modeling of the flow behavior of bulk solids on the basis of the interaction forces between the particles and applications in the design of bunkers (in German). Habilitation thesis, TU Bergakademie Freiberg.
[11] Inoue, Y., Motoyama, Y., Takahashi, H., Shinji, K. & Yoshida, M. (2013). Effect of sand mold models on the simulated mold restraint force and the contraction of the casting during cooling in green sand molds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 213(7), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.011.
[12] Kadauw, A. (2006). Mathematical modeling of the moulding material processes (in German). Doctoral dissertation, TU- Bergakademie Freiberg.
[13] Lang, H.-J., Huder, J., Amann, P., Puzrin, A.M. (1996). Soil mechanics and foundation (in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
[14] Suroso, P., Samang, L., Tjaronge, W. & Muhammad Ramli. (2016). Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ijuk-Aren, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), 3(4), 21-26.
[15] Nujid, M.M. & Taha, M.R. (2016). Soil Plasticity Model for Analysis of Collapse Load on Layers Soil. EDP Sciences, MATEC Web of Conferences. 47(03020) 1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/ 20164703020.
[16] Chen, W.F. Mizuno, E. (1990). Nonlinear Analysis in Soil Mechanics: Theory and Implementation, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., ISBN 978-0444430434, 5-36.
[17] Bast, J., Kadauw, A. (2004). 3D-Numerical Simulation of Squeeze Moulding with the Finite element Method. Proceeding of 66th World Foundry Congress Istanbul, 247 - 258.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kadauw
1 2

  1. IMKF. TU - Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
  2. Salahddin University-Erbil, Iraq
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Abstract

This article presents research on the structure of energy mixes and the dependence on imports of the EU-27 member states, with a particular emphasis on Poland. During the conducted research, a spatial information system was used. GIS tools made it possible to build layers presenting information based on the countries’ energy mix, the level of dependence on the import of this fuel, and the share of the Russian Federation in fuel imports. It was also examined whether the level of dependence on imports from Russia was dependent on the geographical location. Since it has been shown that the share of Russian fuel is significant in the energy mixes of many member states, and that security does not depend solely on import dependence, an energy security assessment measure has been created (SES). As the level of security consists of many factors, assessing each of them separately is very difficult and unclear. Therefore, in order to simplify this analysis, it was necessary to determine one indicator that would take into account all the factors influencing the level of energy security. Poland is privileged in terms of access to fossil fuels due to its rich coal deposits; however, the potential of this fuel is not used, which is also indicated by the level of the SES measure. In the case of Poland, SES amounts to less than 16% and is almost three times lower than the EU-27 average. The indicator made it possible to indicate not only those factors that positively affect the level of energy security but also those that adversely affect it. It also enabled the identification of possible remedial measures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aurelia Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Rybak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Spas D. Kolev
2

  1. Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
  2. School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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Abstract

In this paper we consider a class of nonlinear autoregressive models in which a specific type of dependence structure between the error term and the lagged values of the state variable is assumed. We show that there exists an equivalent representation given by a p-th order state-dependent autoregressive (SDAR(p)) model where the error term is independent of the last p lagged values of the state variable (y_{t-1},…,y_{t-p}) and the autoregressive coefficients are specific functions of them. We discuss a quasi-maximum likelihood estimator of the model parameters and we prove its consistency and asymptotic normality. To test the forecasting ability of the SDAR(p) model, we propose an empirical application to the quarterly Japan GDP growth rate which is a time series characterized by a level-increment dependence. A comparative analyses is conducted taking into consideration some alternative and competitive models for nonlinear time series such as SETAR and AR-GARCH models.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fabio Gobbi
1
Sabrina Mulinacci
2

  1. Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Siena, Italy
  2. Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Abstract

An unsustainable energy mix and energy overconsumption contribute to negative processes such as environmental pressure or energy dependency. The aim of the article is to assess the European Union countries situation in terms of sustainable energy consumption. Eurostat was were used in the analyses. The research was based on synthetic indicators for 2017 data. A non-standard method was used. In accordance with the assumptions of sustainable energy consumption, six indicators were proposed: primary energy consumption (2005=100), final energy consumption (2005=100), share of renewable energy in energy consumption, deficit/surplus in the 2020 renewable energy sources consumption target, energy import dependency (%), greenhouse gas emissions intensity of energy consumption (2000=100). The share of renewable energy in energy consumption and deficit/ surplus in the 2020 renewable energy sources consumption target are stimulants, other features are destimulants. The European Union countries were classified into four groups due to the situation in terms of sustainable energy consumption (first class – favorable situation, second class – quite favorable situation, third class – rather unfavorable situation, fourth class – unfavorable situation). According to the results in twelve countries the situation was identified as favorable or quite favorable, while in the other sixteen countries as rather unfavorable and unfavorable. However, all countries have entered the path of necessary changes. It is important to continue monitoring and analyzing the progress of European Union countries in the field of energy and climate policy.

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Authors and Affiliations

Luiza Julita Ossowska
Dorota Agnieszka Janiszewska
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Abstract

Accurate determination of the probability structure of the multistate model is significant from the valuation and profitability assessment of insurance contracts standpoint. This article aims to analyse the effect of spouses' future lifetime dependence on premiums and prospective reserves for marriage insurance contracts. As a result, under the assumptions that the evolution of the insured risk is described by a nonhomogeneous Markov chain and the dependence between spouses' future lifetime is modelled by the copula, we derive formulas for the elements of the transition matrices. Based on actual data, we conduct a comparative analysis of actuarial values for three scenarios related to future lifetimes of husband and wife. We test the robustness of premium value to the changing degree of dependency between spouses' future lifetimes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Dębicka
1
Stanisław Heilpern
1
Agnieszka Marciniuk
1

  1. Wrocław University of Economics and Business
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Abstract

Time-dependent behavior of rock mass is important for long-term stability analysis in rock engineering. Extensive studies have been carried out on the creep properties and rheological models for variable kinds of rocks, however, the effects of initial damage state on the time-dependent behavior of rock has not yet been taken into consideration. In the present study, the authors proposed a creep test scheme with controlled initial damage to investigate the influence of initial damage on the time-dependent behavior of sandstone. In the test scheme, the initial states of damage were first determined via unloading the specimen from various stresses. Then, the creep test was conducted under different stress levels with specific initial damage. The experimental results show that there is a stress threshold for the initial damage to influence the behavior of the rock in the uniaxial compressive creep tests, which is the stress threshold of dilatancy of rock. When the creep stress is less than the stress threshold, the effect of the initial damage seems to be insignificant. However, if the creep stress is higher than the stress threshold, the initial damage has an important influence on the time-dependent deformation, especially the lateral and volumetric deformation. Moreover, the initial damage also has great influence on the creep failure stress and long-term strength, i.e., higher initial damage leading to lower creep failure stress and long-term strength. The experimental results can provide valuable data for the construction of a creep damage model and long-term stability analysis for rock engineering.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rongbin Hou
Kai Zhang
Jing Tao
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to analyze the role of phraseological units (PhUs) in discourse and to investigate their co(n)textual dependency. The paper presents a typology of the lexical and phraseological units, labelled as co(n)textual supports and developed by Olza y Losada (2011): expressions that paraphrase the initial phraseological meaning; expressions that highlight a specific component of this meaning; lexical and phraseological units that are synonymous with the ‘central’ phraseological expression they co-occur with; and lexical and phraseological units that are antonymous with the ‘central’ expression. These units orient and specify the use and interpretation of PhUs. The analysis also focuses on the so-called markers of phraseological units that function as (quasi) PhUs that serve to introduce phraseology within discourse in a (more or less) explicit way and have pragmatic discursive value (cfr. Olza 2013). The last part of the article examines some PhUs whose implicatures can be affected by contextual circumstances and characterized by greater dependence on the general context of the statement despite showing some degree of conventionalization.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Gwiazdowska
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Abstract

Traces of the idea of verbal valency structure in nineteenth-century grammars – This paper aims to show how K.F. Beckers’s notion of “subjektive” and “objektive Verben” (i.e. those always used with an “ergänzende Objekt”, a ‘completive object’) is a rough forerunner to the modern idea of dependency grammar. In Italy, this theoretical core was assumed by Raffaello Lambruschini in 1840 (and, after him, by the basic school grammar La grammatica del mio Felicino written by Ulisse Poggi, 1865, 18722), but with a huge trivialisation: subjective verbs were identified with intransitive verbs and objective verbs with transitive ones.

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Authors and Affiliations

Roberta Cella
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to describe selected syntactic phenomena concerning non-finiteness and to show the most frequent types of the non-finite subordinate clauses in the historical German language of the 17th century. The use of the non-finite constructions appears to be especially frequent in Early New High German. Also today, non-finite clauses can be observed. However, their role in the modern discourse is different to that of the diachronic constructions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Schönherr
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Abstract

The pathogenesis of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia is poorly understood. In the present study, a mouse model of intranasal infection by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) was used to examine lung inflammation. The pathogical results of lung tissues showed that App-infected mice showed dyspnea and anorexia, with severe damage by acute hemorrhage, and infiltration of eosinophils and lymphocytes, as well as increased expression of caspase-1 p20, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Caspase-1 inhibitors reduced both lung tissue damage and the expression of caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IL-18 in infected mice. These findings suggest that the caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis involved in the pathogenesis of the mouse pleuropneumonia caused by App and the inhibition of caspase-1 reduced the lung injury of this pleuropneumonia

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Authors and Affiliations

Y. Zhang
T. Yang
F. Huang
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Abstract

Mining ventilation should ensure in the excavations required amount of air on the basis of determined regulations and to mitigate various hazards. These excavations are mainly: longwalls, function chambers and headings. Considering the financial aspect, the costs of air distribution should be as low as possible and due to mentioned above issues the optimal air distribution should be taken into account including the workers safety and minimization of the total output power of main ventilation fans. The optimal air distribution is when the airflow rate in the mining areas and functional chambers are suitable to the existing hazards, and the total output power of the main fans is at a minimal but sufficient rate.

Restructuring of mining sector in Poland is usually connected with the connection of different mines. Hence, dependent air streams (dependent air stream flows through a branch which links two intake air streams or two return air streams) exist in ventilation networks of connected mines. The zones of intake air and return air include these air streams. There are also particular air streams in the networks which connect subnetworks of main ventilation fans. They enable to direct return air to specified fans and to obtain different airflows in return zone. The new method of decreasing the costs of ventilation is presented in the article.

The method allows to determine the optimal parameters of main ventilation fans (fan pressure and air quantity) and optimal air distribution can be achieved as a result. Then the total output power of the fans is the lowest which makes the reduction of costs of mine ventilation.

The new method was applied for selected ventilation network. For positive regulation (by means of the stoppings) the optimal air distribution was achieved when the total output power of the fans was 253.311 kW and for most energy-intensive air distribution it was 409.893 kW. The difference between these cases showed the difference in annual energy consumption which was 1 714 MWh what was related to annual costs of fan work equaled 245 102 Euro. Similar values for negative regulation (by means of auxiliary fans) were: the total output power of the fans 203.359 kW (optimal condition) and 362.405 kW (most energy-intensive condition). The difference of annual energy consumption was 1 742 MWh and annual difference of costs was 249 106 Euro. The differences between optimal airflows considering positive and negative regulations were: the total output power of fans 49.952 kW, annual energy consumption 547 MWh, annual costs 78 217 Euro.

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Pach
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Porcine contagious pleuropneumonia (PCP) is a very serious respiratory disease which is difficult to prevent and treat. In this study, the therapeutic effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) on PCP were examined using a mouse model. A mouse model of PCP was established by intranasal infections with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App). Histopathological analysis was performed by routine paraffin sections and an H-E staining method. The inflammatory factors, TLR4 and CCL2 were analyzed by qPCR. The expression levels of p-p65 and pGSK-3ß were detected using the Western Blot Method. The death rates, clinical symptoms, lung injuries, and levels of TLR-4, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL2 were observed to decrease in the App-infected mice treated with LiCl. It was determined that the LiCl treatments had significantly reduced the mortality of the App-infected cells, as well as the expressions of p-p65 and pGSK-3ß. The results of this study indicated that LiCl could improve the pulmonary injuries of mice caused by App via the inhibition of the GSK-3β-NF-κB-dependent pathways, and may potentially become an effective drug for improving pulmonary injuries caused by PCP.
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Authors and Affiliations

Y. Zhang
1
W. Xu
1
Y. Tang
1
F. Huang
1 2

  1. College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Nongda Road, No.1, Changsha 410128, China
  2. Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center for Veterinary Drugs, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Nongda Road, No.1, Changsha 410128, China
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Abstract

This paper presents a new form of a mathematical estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for real human joint surfaces with phospholipid bilayers. In this work, the authors present the analytical and stochastic considerations, which are based on the measurements of human joint surfaces. The gap is restricted between two cooperating biological surfaces. After numerous experimental measurements, it directly follows that the random symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical increments and decrements of the gap height in human joints influence the hydrodynamic pressure, load-carrying capacity, friction forces, and wear of the cooperating cartilage surfaces in human joints. The main focus of the paper was to demonstrate the influence of variations in the expected values and standard deviation of human joint gap height on the hydrodynamic lubrication parameters occurring in the human joint. It is very important to notice that the new form of apparent dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid formulated by the authors depends on ultra-thin gap height variations. Moreover, evident connection was observed between the apparent dynamic viscosity and the properties of cartilage surface coated by phospholipid cells. The above observations indicate an indirect impact of stochastic changes in the height of the gap and the indirect impact of random changes in the properties of the joint surface coated with the phospholipid layers, on the value of hydrodynamic pressure, load carrying capacity and friction forces. In this paper the authors present a synthetic, comprehensive estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters for the cooperating, rotational cartilage bio-surfaces with phospholipid bilayers occurring in human joints. The new results presented in this paper were obtained taking into account 3D variations in the dynamic viscosity of synovial fluid, particularly random variations crosswise the film thickness for non-Newtonian synovial fluid properties. According to the authors’ knowledge, the obtained results are widely applicable in spatiotemporal models in biology and health science.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Wierzcholski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Miszczak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. WSG University of Economy in Bydgoszcz, ul. Garbary 2, 85-229 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  2. Gdynia Maritime University, ul. Morska 81/87, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland

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