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The Effect of the Parameters of Robotic TIG Welding on the Microstructure of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Welded Joint

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka G. Mrowka-Nowotnik
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 339-344 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141510
Keywords welding 17-4PH stainless steel precipitation hardening heat treatment
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Abstract

17-4PH stainless steel finds application in the aerospace industry owing to its good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In the literature, this steel is described as good for welding, but research shows that it may be problematic due to the formation of defects. In this study, the welded joints were made by the robotic TIG welding method with various welding speeds (2 and 3 mm/s). The joints were subjected to non-destructive testing and were free from defects. The microstructure was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Changes in the microstructure of the heat affected zone were observed and discussed. Based on the observation of the microstructure and the change in the hardness profile, the heat affected zone was divided into 4 characteristic regions. δ-ferrite and NbC were observed in the martensite matrix. The welded joints were subjected to heat treatment consisting of solution and aging in 550°C for 4 h. The microstructure of the heat affected zone become homogenized as a result of the heat treatment. The content of stable austenite in the welded joint after the heat treatment was about 3%.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1
ORCID: ORCID
G. Mrowka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland

Selective Laser Melting Process Parameter Optimization on Density and Corrosion Resistance of 17-4PH Stainless Steel

Priya Sahadevan Chithirai Pon Selvan G C Manjunath Patel Amiya Bhaumik
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 105-116 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146685
Keywords 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Density Corrosion studies SLM
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Abstract

The 17-4 PH Stainless Steel material is known for its higher strength and, therefore, extensively used to build structures for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and energy applications. The parts must operate satisfactorily in different environmental conditions to widen the diverse application. The selective laser melting (SLM) technique build parts cost-effectively, ensuring near-net shape manufacturability. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance operating at different conditions were used to develop parts and optimize for higher density in printed parts. Laser power, scan speed, and hatch distance resulted in the percent contribution towards density equal to 73.74%, 24.48%, and 1.78%. The optimized conditions resulted in higher density and relative density equal to 7.76 g/cm 3 and 99.48%. Printed parts' corrosion rate and wear loss showed more stability in NaCl corrosive medium even at 75 °C than 1M of HCL corrosive medium. Less pitting corrosion was observed on the samples treated in NaCl solution at 25 °C and 75 °C at 72 Hrs than in HCL solution. Therefore, 17-4 PH SS parts are best suited even in marine applications.
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Authors and Affiliations

Priya Sahadevan
1
Chithirai Pon Selvan
2
ORCID: ORCID
G C Manjunath Patel
3
ORCID: ORCID
Amiya Bhaumik
1
  1. Lincoln University College Selangor, Malaysia
  2. Curtin University Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  3. PES Institute of Technology and Management, Shivamogga, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, India

The Effect of the Heat Treatment Condition of the Base Material on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 17-4PH Stainless Steel Electron Beam Welded Joints

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik A. Pytel
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 4 | 1503-1512 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.146216
Keywords welding 17-4PH heat treatment EB welding
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Abstract

The study was intended to determine the effect of the input condition of the 17-4PH steel on the microstructure, mechanical properties and stress state of welded joints. The steel adopted for testing was in the solution condition at 1040°C, the aged condition at 550°C/4h and the overaged condition at 760°C/2 h + 620°C/4 h. Samples of 17-4PH steel, after heat treatment processed with different parameters, were electron beam welded (EBW). The microscopic observation (LM, SEM/EDS) showed that the microstructure of the weld consisted of martensite with a δ-ferrite lattice. In the heat-affected zone (HAZ), transformed martensite was found with evidence of niobium carbides. The results of hardness testing revealed the different nature of the hardness profile with the condition the material before the EB welding process. The hardness profile of the HAZ of the welded samples in the as-solution (ES2) and overaged (ES12) condition was varied (from about 340 HV to 450 HV). However, in the aged condition specimen of 17-4PH steel (ES22) showed a similar hardness level, at around 370 HV. The solution condition (ES2) had the highest strength properties Rm 1180.6 MPa with the lowest elongation A 7.6% of all samples tested. The aged welded specimen (ES22) retained high strength Rm 1103.4 MPa with a better relative elongation A 10.1%, whereas the overaged welded specimen (ES12) saw a reduction of strength Rm 950.4 MPa with an improvement in plastic properties A 18.8%. Obtained results showed a significant effect of the input steel condition on the obtained EB welded joints.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Nalborczyk-Kazanecka
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Grażyna Mrówka-Nowotnik
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Pytel
1 2
  1. Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineeri ng and Aeronautics, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Pratt & Whitney Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland

Effects of ageing heat treatment temperature on the properties of DMLS additive manufactured 17-4PH steel

Aleksander Świetlicki Mariusz Wlaczak Mirosław Szala Marcin Turek Dariusz Chocyk
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2023 | 71 | 4 | e146237 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2023.146237
Keywords 17-4PH steel precipitation hardening additive manufacturing heat treatment nanohardness
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Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a modern, innovative manufacturing method that enables the production of fully dense products with high mechanical properties and complex shapes that are often impossible to obtain by traditional methods. The 17-4PH grade steel is often applied where high mechanical performance is required. 17-4PH, or AISI 630, is intended for precipitation hardening, an operation that combines solution and ageing treatments and is used to significantly change the microstructure of the steel and enhance its mechanical properties. This study investigates the effect of precipitation hardening on the properties of 17-4PH steel. To examine microstructure and morphology, metallographic tests were performed together with phase composition and chemical composition analyses. Mechanical parameters were determined via Vickers hardness testing and the Oliver-Pharr method. Samples were fabricated using direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), which is one of the powder bed fusion methods. The use of a constant solution treatment temperature of 1040_C and different ageing temperatures made it possible to evaluate the effects of ageing temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of 17-4PH. The presence of face-centered cubic FCC g-austenite and body-centerd cubic BCC a-martensite structures were detected. The tests revealed that – similarly to the wrought material – the highest hardness of 382_10:3 HV0:2 was obtained after ageing at 450_C. The nanoindentation test showed the same H/E ratio for the sample after fabrication and after solution treatment at 0.016769, but this value increased after ageing to 127–157.5%. The sample aged at 450_C was characterized by the highest H/E ratio of 0.026367, which indicates the highest wear resistance of this material under employed treatment conditions. In general, the sample treated at 450_C showed the best performance out of all tested samples, proving to have the smallest grain size as well as high Vickers and nanoindentation hardness. On the other hand, the use of solution treatment led to reduced hardness and improved workability of the AM material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Świetlicki
1
Mariusz Wlaczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Szala
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Turek
2
Dariusz Chocyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland
  2. Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, pl. M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
  3. Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36D, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

Multi-Response Optimization of Electrical Discharge Machining of 17-4 PH SS Using Taguchi-Based Grey Relational Analysis

E. Gerçekcioğlu M. Albaşkara
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 3 | 861-868 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.145448
Keywords EDM 17-4 PH SS Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis ANOVA Surface Characterization
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Abstract

Multiple response optimization of the machining of 17-4 PH stainless steel material, which is difficult to process with traditional methods, with EDM was made by Taguchi-based grey relational analysis method. Surface roughness (Ra), material removal rate (MRR), and electrode wear rate (EWR) were the responses, while current, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, and voltage were chosen as process parameters. According to the multi-response optimization, the experiment level that gave the best result was A1B2C2D2. Optimum machining outputs were found as A1B3C1D1 using the Taguchi method. As a result of the Taguchi analysis and ANOVA, it was determined that the significant parameters according to multiple performance characteristics were current (56.22%) and voltage (22.40%). The surfaces of the best GRG and optimal sample were examined with XRD, SEM and EDX analysis and the effects on the surfaces were compared.
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Authors and Affiliations

E. Gerçekcioğlu
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Albaşkara
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Erciyes University, Mechanical Engineering Department, Kayseri, Turkey
  2. Afyon Kocatepe University, İscehisar Vocational School, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

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