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Abstract

The paper describes a bridge over the Vistula River with two spans of 180 English feet (54.86 metres) in length, constructed in the middle of the 17th century in the city of Torun on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. A study on numismatic and iconographic sources as well as city plans and written sources is carried out in the article. The study shows that the Torun Bridge superstructure was made of wood and was based on a cantilever truss (Gerber carrier) solution which had never been applied in Europe before. The two large spans of Torun Bridge were in service between 1632 and 1657. Accord- ing to the author’s research on well-known bridge structures from Europe from the middle of the 17th century, the span of the Torun bridge appears to have been the larger than the other.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mistewicz
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Abstract

The following article is devoted to the process of adapting loanwords into the Russian language in the first half of 17th century. The material which was subject to analysis was extracted from the first, handwritten editions of Russian opinion journalism, written from 1600 to 1650. The purpose of the article is to present the process of absorbing loanwords on the phonetic and morphological level, and to record changes in word genders and resonance variants in the words internalized into Russian either originating directly from another language or passed on through one from other languages

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Głuszak
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Abstract

The letter of Muscovy ruler Boris Godunov which is held in the Library of Kórnik, is the earliest historical document that testifies about the relations between the government of Muscovy and Ukrainian Cossacks since the end of the sixteenth century. In the article are reviewed the historical context of such contacts and their long term consequences. At that time, led by Krzysztof Kosynskyi, Cossacks entered into conflict with powers of Commonwealth. Godunov informed Cossacks that his government invites them for military service. It was the first time when Cossacks obtained the opportunity to make a choice between the service to the Polish King or Muscovy Tzar. During the next a half of the century, Ukrainian Cossacks transformed into a powerful military corporation, which influenced on the balance of powers in international relations of the region. Later on, when in the consequence of the war with Poland, Cossacks switched themselves to the side of Muscovy in 1654, this change provided a foundation for the hegemony of Muscovy in East Europe.

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Authors and Affiliations

Serhiy Lepyavko
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Abstract

The article discusses the architecture of the parish church in Czarnca (1640 – around 1655), which up till now has not been discussed in detail by researchers. The innovative construction solutions used in the church are part of a wider European environment, in which architects were looking for ways to make better use of natural sunlight for interior lightning in buildings.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Stankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego
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Abstract

Early modern medicine knew thousands of medicines and possible treatments that could be found in guidebooks, medical dissertations, herbaria, and dispensaries. The article presents the characteristics of the basic sources of the history of medicine, as well as their specifi city and the range of information they provide. The aim is to show possible source selection method in an attempt to describe a real picture of the therapeutic methods most commonly used by the offi cial medicine in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Jakub Węglorz
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Abstract

The subject of this article is the chancellery and archival analysis of the alderman’s and the magistrate’s book for the town of Kórnik from 1580–1607. At present the manuscript is kept at the headquarters of the State Archives in Poznań. Based on appropriately selected literature and information contained in the book, it was possible to carry out an external and internal critique of the source. It needs to be highlighted that the manuscript has only rarely been as a historiographical archival source.

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Szymon Tomasz Jaworski
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to verify the data regarding the period when selected foreign nouns were introduced to the Russian language in relation to information provided by Russian dictionaries. A corpus created for the purpose of this paper consists of source texts from the years 1600‒1670 – the time preceding the rule of Peter the Great. The verification of data from Russian dictionaries is expected to show that, contrary to popular opinion, a significant number of foreign words were introduced to the Russian language even a century earlier than suggested in etymology and historical dictionaries. This observation can be proved by the analysis of literary monuments of the first half of the 17th century that have not been thoroughly investigated.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Głuszak
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Abstract

Occasional poetry included important genres of Gdańsk literature. The development of the poetry climaxed in the 17th century when Gdańsk experienced rapid growth in the field of science, culture and economy. Johann Peter Titz (1619–1689) was a professor of rhetoric at the Academic Gymnasium in Gdańsk and one of the most prolific authors of occasional poetry. Besides writing poems for the occasion, Titz was often himself a formal addressee of the poems. The events in Titz’s life became the subjects of a number of epithalamiums, epitaphs and gratulatory poems written by Titz’s friends including students and professors of the Academic Gymnasium in Gdańsk (Samuel Schelwig (1643–1715), Christoph Behr (1642–1704), Friedrich Büthner (1622–1701) and the members of the patriciate in Gdańsk (Johann Ernst Schmieden (1626–1707), Constantin Freder (1643–1707). The article provides a preliminary analysis of the occasional poetry composed for Titz and the register of the poems that have survived in the holdings of the PAS Gdańsk Library.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Otto
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Abstract

Most of what we know about Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (? – c. 1580) and his work is plausible conjecture that cannot be fully verified. The small volume published twenty years after his death, Rytmy – a single extant copy was found accidentally in the early 1800s – represents his uncertain legacy. Yet not only is Sęp Szarzyński the second greatest pre-modern Polish poet after Kochanowski, but, owing to his sonnets and other compositions of his early maturity, he can be considered the creator of a new style that, under the influence of late Italian Petrarchism, brings Polish poetry closer to mannerism and, for some commentators, to the Baroque. This article will focus in particular on Sonnet III (‘To the Holy Virgin’). While drawing on Dante and Petrarca, the sonnet resonates with the themes and styles of contemporary Spanish Marian literature. Sonnet III is the cornerstone of Sęp Szarzyński’s sonnet cycle (the first in Polish literature) that marks the artistic culmination of a ‘passage’ to modernity, in which an attitude of doubt and the attendant “grammar of uncertainty” (cf. Jan Błoński) constitutes the writer’s main stylistic and existential signature.
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Bibliography

Literatura podmiotowa:

● Sęp Szarzyński Mikołaj, Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego Rytmy abo Wiersze Polskie, po iego śmierci zebrane y wydane, Roku Pańskiego 1601, wydanie foto-offsetowe, Czytelnik, Warszawa 1978.
● Sęp Szarzyński Mikołaj, Rytmy oraz anonimowe pieśni i listy miłosne z XVI w., oprac. Tadeusz Sinko, BN, Nakładem Krakowskiej Spółki Wydawniczej, Kraków 1928.
● Sęp Szarzyński Mikołaj, Rytmy abo wiersze polskie oraz cykl erotyków, oprac. i wstępem poprzedził Julian Krzyżanowski, BN – wyd. II zmienione, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1973.
● Sęp Szarzyński Mikołaj, Poezje, wstęp i oprac. Janusz S. Gruchała, BP, Universitas, Kraków 1997.
● Sęp Szarzyński Mikołaj, Poezje zebrane, wydali Radosław Grześkowiak, Adam Karpiński, przy współpracy Krzysztofa Mrowcewicza, BPS, IBL, Warszawa 2001.

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● Gruchała Janusz S., Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1987.
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● Hanusiewicz Mirosława, Does Polish “Metaphysical poetry” exist?, [w:] „The Polish Review”, XLI, 1996 nr 4, s. 435–447.
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● Hanusiewicz-Lavallee Mirosława, W stronę Albionu. Studia z dziejów polsko-brytyjskich związków literackich w dobie wczesnonowożytnej, KUL, Lublin 2017.
● Hartleb Mieczysław, recenzja [do:] Sinko 1928 oraz Sęp Szarzyński 1928, „Pamiętnik Literacki” XXVI, 1929, s. 291–296.
● Hauser Arnold, Der Manierismus. Die Krise der Renaissance und der Usprung der modernen Kunst, Beck, München 1964 (tłum. włoskie: Il Manierismo. La crisi del Rinascimento e l’origine dell’arte moderna, Einaudi, Torino 1965).
● Hernas Czesław, Barok, PWN, Warszawa 1978. 340
● Karpiński Adam, Z ikonograficznej i literackiej recepcji „Triumfów” Petrarki w Polsce w XVI i XVII w., [w:] Petrarca a jedność kultury europejskiej – Petrarca e l’unità della cultura europea, red. Monica Febbo, Piotr Salwa, Semper, Warszawa 2005, s. 421–432.
● Komaromi Ann, The Aporia of Temporal Existence in Sęp Szarzyński’s Poetry, “The Slavic and East European Journal”, t. 43 nr 1 (Spring, 1999), pp. 122–133.
● Krzyżanowski Julian, Wstęp, [w:] Sęp Szarzyński, 1973, s. III–LXIX.
● Künstler-Langner Danuta, Idea «vanitas», jej tradycje i toposy w poezji polskiego baroku, UMK, Toruń 1993.
● Marinelli Luigi, Il ciclo dei sonetti di Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c. 1550–1581): esercizi di traduzione, [w:] Italia, Polonia, Europa. Scritti in memoria di Andrzej Litwornia, red. A. Ceccherelli, E. Jastrzębowska, M. Piacentini, A. M. Raffo, G. Ziffer, Accademia Polacca di Roma, Roma 2007, s. 226–231.
● Marinelli Luigi, Kanony i kanonady. O kanonie „europejskim” i literaturach „mniejszych” (na przykładzie literatury polskiej), [w:] Europejski kanon literacki. Dylematy XXI wieku, red. Elżbieta Wichrowska, WUW, Warszawa 2012, s. 90–106.
● Marinelli Luigi, Kochanowski i kwestia sonetu. Międzykulturowość polskiego Renesansu, [w:] „Sława z dowcipu sama wiecznie stoi…”. Prace ofiarowane Pani Profesor Alinie Nowickiej-Jeżowej z okazji pięćdziesięciolecia pracy naukowej, red. M. Hanusiewicz--Lavallee, W. Pawlak, Wydawnictwo KUL, Lublin 2018, s. 91–108.
● Maver Giovanni, Rozważania nad poezją Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego (1954), [w:] tegoż, Literatura polska i jej związki z Włochami, oprac. Andrzej Zieliński, PWN, Warszawa 1988.
● Mazurkiewicz Roman, Z dawnej literatury maryjnej. Zarysy i zbliżenia, Wyd. Nauk. UP, Kraków 2011.
● Mrowcewicz Krzysztof, Czemu wolność mamy? Antynomie wolności w poezji Jana Kochanowskiego i Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego, Studia staropolskie LIII, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1987.
● Mrowcewicz Krzysztof, Średniowieczny obraz świata w “Rytmach” Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego, [w:] La percezione del Medioevo nell’epoca del barocco: Polonia, Ucraina, Russia, red. Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, “Ricerche Slavistiche” XXXVII, 1990, s. 249–265.
● Mrowcewicz Krzysztof, Antologia polskiej poezji metafizycznej epoki baroku, red. K. Mrowcewicz, IBL, Warszawa 1993.
● Mrowcewicz Krzysztof, Trivium poetów polskich epoki baroku: klasycyzm – manieryzm – barok. Studia nad poezją XVII stulecia, IBL, Warszawa 2005 (Studia staropolskie – Series nova, tom X).
● Nieznanowski Stefan, Sonet, [w:] Słownik literatury staropolskiej, red. T. Michałowska, wyd. II, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1998, s. 885–887.
● Pelc Janusz, Renesans w literaturze polskiej w kontekście europejskim, WUW, Warszawa 1988.
● Petrarca Francesco, Drobne wiersze włoskie. Rerum vulgarium fragmenta, red. Piotr Salwa, Gdańsk 2005.
● Piacentini Marcello, Di alcune traduzioni dell’epigramma di Giano Vitale sulle rovine di Roma, [w:] Abeunt studia in mores. Saggi in onore di Mario Melchionda, red. G. Brunetti, A. Petrina, Padova University press, Padova 2013, s. 301–316.
● Płaszyńska-Herman Katarzyna, Książka Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego. Słów kilka o odkryciu dokonanym w Bibliotece OO. Dominikanów w Krakowie, „Terminus”, t. 15 (2013), z. 4 (29), s. 445– 462.
● Raffo Anton Maria, Prove di versione numerosa di poesia slava, [w:] “Europa Orientalis” XII, 1993 nr 2, s. 172.
● Rysiewicz Adam, Sonet jako gatunek retoryczny: Kochanowski, Szarzyński – pierwsze manifestacje, [w:] Retoryka a literatura, red. Barbara Otwinowska, PAN–IBL, „Studia Staropolskie” 50, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1984, s. 121–135.
● Ryszka Magdalena, „Qui Romam in media quaeris…” Janusa Witalisa oraz „Epitafium Rzymowi” M. Sępa Szarzyńskiego – próba lektury retorycznej, [w:] Lektury polonistyczne. Retoryka a tekst literacki, 2, red. M. Hanczakowski i J. Niedźwiedź, Universitas, Kraków 2003, s. 89–111.
● Sienkiewicz Henryk, Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. Studyum literackie, [w:] „Tygodnik Illustrowany” nr. 79 i 80 rok 1869 z dnia 3 i 10 lipca, (on line, ost. data dostępu: 03-09-2021) https://archive.org/details/jakubateodoratre01bruoft
● Sinko Tadeusz, Problemy Sępowe, [w:] Księga zbiorowa ku czci Aleksandra Brücknera, „Studia staropolskie”, Kraków 1928, s. 428–465.
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● Sokolowski Richard, Sonet nienapisany. Sonet VI Mikołaja Sępa Szarzyńskiego, [w:] Hanusiewicz Mirosława, Dąbkowska Justyna, Karpiński Adam (red.), 2002, s. 85–96.
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Authors and Affiliations

Luigi Marinelli
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Sapienza, Università di Roma, Włochy
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Abstract

This article attempts to refute the generally accepted view that Jan Wojciech (Albert) Łubieński, Pantler of Sieradz, was the patron of Piotr Baryka,, the author of the comedy Z chłopa król ( The Peasant Become King), first staged in 1633 (editio princeps, 1637). The attribution results from a conjecture, which has never been properly verified, formulated by Ludwik Bernacki in 1904. Yet in the 1630s Jan Wojciech Łubieński held no public office (he was probably completing his education) and, crucially, did not become Pantler of Sieradz until 1643. In consequence, we presume that Baryka's patron may well have been Łubieński's uncle, a wealthy man renowned for his generosity, who had the same first name.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Krzywy
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Literatury Polskiej, Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

The aim of this article is to describe the silver tankard made by Nathaniel Pressding I for the wedding of Johann Peter Titz with Aurelia von Strackwitz in 1678. The bride and groom received the cup from the students of the Academic Gymnasium in Gdańsk. One of the customary rituals in Gdańsk involved giving gold and silver coins, medals and dinnerware as wedding gifts. Silver tankards were one of the most popular gifts in the late 1600s. The decorations on the tableware were chosen to match the importance of an occasion. In the case of wedding gifts the ornaments were taken either from Bible stories (Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, Isaac and Rebecca, the Wedding Feast at Cana) or from Greek and Roman art. The scene of the relief of the tankard’s corpus presents popular decorative elements with Cupid taken from Otto van Veen’s Amorum emblemata… (Antverpiae 1608). The described object is striking in the perfection of its workmanship and refined expression of the creator’s expertise. It is also an example of the first use of the master craftsman’s mark.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Frąckowska
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Abstract

During the Russian-Polish negotiations at the end of 1671 – the beginning of 1672, several Russian memorandums were handed over to Polish-Lithuanian diplomats. All these original documents are preserved in the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Kórnik, Poland, and are studied as some of the most important forms of diplomatic communications between the Muscovite State and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The memorandums clearly reveal the Muscovite diplomatic tactic against the Polish-Lithuanian side. They focus on the main problems of Russian- Polish relationships such as the transfer of Kiev from Russia to Poland (which had to be fulfilled in 1669 but which has never been executed), the policy towards the right-bank Ukraine hetman Piotr Doroshenko, who pledged his allegiance to the Ottoman sultan, the attack of the left-bank Ukrainian Cossacks (who were under the Thar’s rule) on the Lithuanian borderlands, and the implementing of the previous Russian-Polish anti-Ottoman treaty of 1667. It can be supposed also that the diplomatic form of the memorandum itself was borrowed by the Russian Foreign Office from the Polish-Lithuanian diplomatic tradition.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kirył Koczegarow
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Abstract

The portrait of Heinrich Schwarzwald IV (1619–1672) was incorporated into the PAS Gdańsk Library’s collection back in 1832. Heinrich Schwarzwald IV was the founder of the book collection for the Petrischule in Gdańsk. The oil painting on canvas in a period frame with no signature was painted in the mid–1600s. Both the book collection and the portrait were actually donated to the school at St. Peter and Paul Church after the death of Heinrich Schwarzwald IV’s nephew, Heinrich Schwarzwald V, in 1708. For a long period of time the uncle’s merits were attributed to the nephew due to the same names. In 1860 Gotthilf Löschin identified the real founder of the above mentioned library. The article, in turn, settles down the matter of the identification of the portrayed person. The painting was presumably painted by Andreas Stech (1635–1697). The source data confirm the mutual contacts between the painter and Heinrich Schwarzwald IV. Before being donated to the library, the painting underwent an intensive and thorough restoration performed by Franz Joseph Manskirch in the 1820s.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Jackowska
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Abstract

This article is devoted to a diplomatic (formal) analysis of 13 documents, including 12 originals issued by Russian tsars between 1576 and 1707, which are kept at the Kórnik Library. Among them, there are two original letters by Tsar Michael of Russia dating to 1634 and 1645 and four documents by Tsar Alexis of Russia from 1645 and 1668–1669. The collection also includes Peter the Great’s mandate of 1707 given to Russian negotiators for talks with representatives of the Sandomierz confederation, two extremely interesting documents (in the form of scrolls) of border-related negotiations dating to 1634 and 1645, as well as a notebook of 40 pages containing the Russian party’s proposals presented to Polish envoys during negotiations in Moscow at the turn of 1671 and 1672. The article is enriched with an analysis of the content of four well-preserved tsar’s seals applied to the documents in question.

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Krzysztof Pietkiewicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This article marks the 400th anniversary of a series of bloody battles which were fought from 2 September until 9 October 1621 between the Polish-Lithuanian army and the invading Ottoman armies led by Sultan Osman II. Intent on defeating Poland and conquering all of Europe, the 17-year-old sultan gathered well over 100,000 troops, probably the largest fighting force ever assembled on one battlefield. The campaign culminated in the Battle of Chocim (Khotyn), in which the Turks lost approximately 40 thousand men (one third of the invasion force). As a result Osman II was compelled to back off and sign a peace treaty which brought to an end his plans of expansion. What turned the fortunes of war in favour of Poland was a conjunction of two factors, the indomitable fighting spirit of the soldiers in the field and, no less important, the use of modern defence tactics under the agile command of Hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz. While the victory at Chocim aroused great interest not just in Poland, nowhere was its significance given so much weight as in Rome. Pope Gregory XV issued a breve Victoriarum gloria and instituted a special thanksgiving service (officium gratiarum) to be celebrated in Catholic churches worldwide. The article looks again at these, better known reactions to the Polish-Ottoman war of 1620–1621 before exploring a raft of diaries and memoirs, in manuscript and printed, and various types of publications, including leaflets describing the battles, published in various languages in Poland and all over Europe. However, at the centre of this study is the poetic legacy of the war. The poems in which the war is remembered and celebrated focus their praise either on Hetman Chodkiewicz or Prince Władysław Waza (the future king of Poland), who was also present at Chocim. The article examines this duality primarily in the poems of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Samuel Twardowski, Wacław Potocki, Ignacy Krasicki and the Croatian Baroque poet Ivan Gundulić.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Okoń
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kraków

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