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Number of results: 22
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Abstract

The notion of the normal transfer matrix and the notion of the structure decomposition of normal transfer matrix for 2D general model are introduced. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the structure decomposition of normal transfer matrix are established. A procedure for computation of the structure decomposition is proposed and illustrated by the numerical example. It is shown that the impulse response matrix of the normal model is independent of the polynomial part of its structure decomposition.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Kaczorek
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Abstract

In a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, a large number of receiving antennas at the base station can simultaneously serve multiple users. Linear detectors can achieve optimal performance but require large dimensional matrix inversion, which requires a large number of arithmetic operations. Several low complexity solutions are reported in the literature. In this work, we have presented an improved two-dimensional double successive projection (I2D-DSP) algorithm for massive MIMO detection. Simulation results show that the proposed detector performs better than the conventional 2D-DSP algorithm at a lower complexity. The performance under channel correlation also improves with the I2D-DSP scheme. We further developed a soft information generation algorithm to reduce the number of magnitude comparisons. The proposed soft symbol generation method uses real domain operation and can reduce almost 90% flops and magnitude comparisons.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sourav Chakraborty
1
Nirmalendu Bikas Sinha
2
Monojit Mitra
3

  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Cooch Behar Government Engineering College, Coochbehar,India
  2. Principal, Maharaja Nandakumar Mahavidyalaya, Purba Medinipore, India
  3. Department of Electronics and Telecommunication, Engineering, IIEST Shibpur, Howrah, India
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Abstract

Evaluating the image quality is a very important problem in image and video processing. Numerous methods have been proposed over the past years to automatically evaluate the quality of images in agreement with human quality judgments. The purpose of this work is to present subjective and objective quality assessment methods and their classification. Eleven widely used and recommended by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) subjective methods are compared and described. Thirteen objective method is briefly presented (including MSE, MD, PCC, EPSNR, SSIM, MS-SSIM, FSIM, MAD, VSNR, VQM, NQM, DM, and 3D-GSM). Furthermore the list of widely used subjective quality data set is provided.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sebastian Opozda
Arkadiusz Sochan
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Abstract

One of the least expensive and safest diagnostic modalities routinely used is ultrasound imaging. An attractive development in this field is a two-dimensional (2D) matrix probe with three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The main problems to implement this probe come from a large number of elements they need to use. When the number of elements is reduced the side lobes arising from the transducer change along with the grating lobes that are linked to the periodic disposition of the elements. The grating lobes are reduced by placing the elements without any consideration of the grid. In this study, the Binary Bat Algorithm (BBA) is used to optimize the number of active elements in order to lower the side lobe level. The results are compared to other optimization methods to validate the proposed algorithm.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dina Mohamed Tantawy
Mohamed Eladawy
Mohamed Alimaher Hassan
Roaa Mubarak
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Abstract

Underground structures have gained importance in recent times all over the globe. Successful completion of such ventures hinges on accurate and realistic design which is neither optimistic nor conservative, and a balanced design is the need of the hour. The present work shows a comparative study on support design, such as Terzhagi’s load theory and quantitative methods of Rock mass quality (Q), Rock Mass Rating of Bieniawski, and PLAXIS-2D Numerical modeling. The results obtained show that final support measures such as shotcreting, thickness, rock bolting, length, frequency, and requirements of steel supports are better. Based on engineering judgment and analytical approaches, realistic support measures were obtained for an access tunnel to be excavated in Nilagiri, Tamil Nadu.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Vanuvamalai
K.P. Jaya
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Abstract

The geodesy literature seems to offer comprehensive insight into the planar Helmert transformation with Hausbrandt corrections. Specialist literature is mainly devoted to the issues of 3D transformation. The determination of the sought values, coordinates in the target system, requires two stages of computations. The classical approach yields ‘new’ coordinates of reference points in the target system that should not be changed in principle. This requires the Hausbrandt corrections. The paper proposes to simplify the two-stage process of planar transformation by assigning adjustment corrections to reference point coordinates in the source system. This approach requires solving the Helmert transformation by adjusting conditioned observations with unknowns. This yielded transformation results consistent with the classical method. The proposed algorithm avoided the issue of correcting the official coordinates of the control network and using additional (post-transformation) corrections for the transformed points. The proposed algorithm for solving the plane Helmert transformation for �� > 2 reference points simplifies the computing stages compared to the classical approach. The assignment of adjustment corrections to coordinates of reference points in the source system helps avoid correcting coordinates of the reference points in the target system and additional corrections for transformed points. The main goal of any data adjustment process with the use of the least squares method is (by definition) obtaining unambiguous quantities that would strictly meet the mathematical relationships between them. Therefore, this work aims to show such a transformation adjusting procedure, so that no additional computational activities related to the correction of already aligned results are necessary.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Gargula
1
ORCID: ORCID
Pelagia Gawronek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) is a common route to produce two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets. In this research, MoS2 powder is exfoliated by an ultrasonic probe (sonicator) in a water-ethanol solution. It is reported that MoS2 as a prototype 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenide, has a band gap that increases with a decreasing number of layers. There are some factors that affect the average band gap energy value and the thickness of the exfoliated flakes. We varied different parameters of the ultrasonic probe like power, pulse percentage and time duration of sonication to investigate the effects on the number of MoS2 layers. Our findings from the UV-Visible spectra, SEM, FESEM and TEM images indicate that the minimum thickness for these samples was acquired at 50% of the input power of the sonicator we used (65 W) and the optimum pulse percentage is 50%. The current study also found that the average amount of band gap increased with an increase in sonication time, and then remained unchanged after 60 minutes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Najme Sadat Taghavi
1
Reza Afzalzadeh
1

  1. Faculty of Physics K.N. Toosi University of Technology Tehran 15418-49611, Iran
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Abstract

More than 4100 plant-parasitic nematodes species have been described to date, some of which are of significant economic importance since they cause losses in agriculture. This paper presents new data on three species of the genus Longidorus: L. attenuatus, L. elongatus and L. euonymus from Poland. The study was based on 1138 soil samples taken from different regions of the country. A total of 77 populations of L. elongatus, 23 of L. attenuatus and 7 of L. euonymus were found which corresponds with 6.76%, 2.02% and 0.62% of all analyzed samples, respectively. Distribution maps are presented together with data on the morphometrics, molecular markers D2-D3 28S rDNA and data on host plants on which the nematodes were found.
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Bibliography


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Authors and Affiliations

Franciszek Kornobis
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Entomology and Animal Pests, Institute of Plant Protection – National Research Institute, Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

Recent years, the design of photonic crystal (PC) based optical devices is receiving keen interest in research and scientific community. In this paper, two dimensional (2D) PC based eight channel demultiplexer is proposed and designed and the functional characteristics of demultiplexer namely resonant wavelength, transmission efficiency, quality factor, spectral width, channel spacing and crosstalk are investigated. The demultiplexer is designed to drop the wavelength centred at 1537.6 nm, 1538.5 nm, 1539.4 nm, 1540.4 nm, 1541.2 nm, 1541.9 nm, 1542.6 nm and 1543.1 nm. The proposed demultiplexer is primarily composed of bus waveguide, drop waveguide and quasi square ring resonator. The quasi square ring resonator and square ring micro cavity (inner rods) are playing a vital role for a desired channel selection. The operating range of the devices is identified through a photonic band gap (PBG) which is obtained using a plane wave expansion (PWE) method. The functional characteristics of the proposed demultiplexer are attained using a 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The proposed device offers low crosstalk and high transmission efficiency with ultra-compact size, hence, it is highly desirable for DWDM applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

V. Kannaiyan
R. Savarimuthu
S.K. Dhamodharan
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Abstract

Graphene applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices have been thoroughly and intensively studied since graphene discovery. Thanks to the exceptional electronic and optical properties of graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials, they can become promising candidates for infrared and terahertz photodetectors.

Quantity of the published papers devoted to 2D materials as sensors is huge. However, authors of these papers address them mainly to researches involved in investigations of 2D materials. In the present paper this topic is treated comprehensively with including both theoretical estimations and many experimental data.

At the beginning fundamental properties and performance of graphene-based, as well as alternative 2D materials have been shortly described. Next, the position of 2D material detectors is considered in confrontation with the present stage of infrared and terahertz detectors offered on global market. A new benchmark, so-called “Law 19”, used for prediction of background limited HgCdTe photodiodes operated at near room temperature, is introduced. This law is next treated as the reference for alternative 2D material technologies. The performance comparison concerns the detector responsivity, detectivity and response time. Place of 2D material-based detectors in the near future in a wide infrared detector family is predicted in the final conclusions.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Rogalski
Małgorzata Kopytko
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Martyniuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This meticulous analysiswas performed to guide in the designing of a prototypemono-mode microwave blood warmer. The interaction of two-dimensional cylindrical blood samples with the microwave was performed through two different techniques i.e., lateral and radial irradiations. The study found the preference for interaction techniques corresponding to different frequencies, intensities, sample sizes and procedure durations. The study of the areal positioning of power and temperature at specific peak points generated the information on warming rate and thermal homogeneity inside the sample. High warming rate along with low thermal non-homogeneity were the chosen criteria to decide the requirement of rotation during the warming procedure. At the frequency of 915 MHz, no rotation was recommended for samples irrespective of sizes for optimal warming. Rotation for small and large samples and no rotation for medium sized samples were recommended to achieve homogenously warmed human blood samples at the frequency of 2450 MHz. Specific recommendations for different case studies were also made with respect to the sample size, radiation intensity and procedure duration to draw reciprocity amongst them. Considering all the aspects, the present work recommended an efficient way for designing of a prototype for enhanced microwave facilitated intravenous fluid warmer.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sushma Kumari
1
Sujoy Kumar Samanta
1

  1. Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Bihta, Patna – 801106, India
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Abstract

Outage and Success performances of an amplify-andforward relay-assisted D2D communication system over a κ-μ shadowed fading wireless link are presented here. Co-channel interference (CCI) is assumed to affect the D2D signals at relay and destination nodes. The system is analyzed with two scenarios, namely, with diversity combining and without diversity combining. Selection combining (SC) based diversity scheme is incorporated at the D2D receiver to combat fading conditions. The expressions for success and outage probabilities are presented by using the characteristic function approach. The expressions are functions of path-loss exponents, wireless link length between relay and D2D source node, wireless link length between the receiver node and relay, distances between interferers and the relay node, CCI distances from various devices of the system, fading channel. The numerical analysis for various scenarios is presented and analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zakir Hussain
1
Haider Mehdi
1
Syed Muhammad Atif Saleem
1
Aashir Mahboob
1

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan
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Abstract

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) that suppresses the growth of tumor cells in humans and canines. SAHA reportedly enhances the antitumor activity of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). However, it is unclear whether a similar effect is exerted in canines. The present study focused on the effect of SAHA on the cytotoxicity of IL-2 activated PBMC in three tumor cell lines (CTAC, CIPm, and MCM-N1). The mRNA expression of a ligand for the NKG2D receptor was upregulated in SAHA-treated cell lines. Moreover, the SAHA-treated cell lines, except MCM-N1 demonstrated a significantly higher PBMC cytotoxicity compared to the untreated cell lines. Therefore, the NKG2DL upregulation likely enhanced the interaction of NKG2D-NKG2DL, leading to enhanced cytotoxicity of PBMC. It was also revealed that activated PBMC treated with SAHA significantly attenuated their cytotoxicity toward all the cell lines. Although the NKG2D, NKp46, NKp44, and NKp30 receptors, involved in PBMC cytotoxicity, were presumed to be downregulated, there was no significant reduction in the mRNA expression of these receptors. This study revealed that SAHA not only sensitizes the canine tumor cells to cytotoxicity due to PBMC activation, but also suppresses the cytotoxicity of PBMC themselves. Therefore, our results highlight the necessity of avoiding this inhibitory action to enhance the antitumor effect of SAHA in canines.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Oyamada
1 2
S. Okano
2

  1. Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
  2. Department of Small Animal Surgery 2, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada, Aomori, 034-8628, Japan
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Abstract

This paper presents the concept of using algorithms for reducing the dimensions of finite-difference equations of two-dimensional (2D) problems, for second-order partial differential equations. Solutions are predicted as two-variable functions over the rectangular domain, which are periodic with respect to each variable and which repeat outside the domain. Novel finite-difference operators, of both the first and second orders, are developed for such functions. These operators relate the value of derivatives at each point to the values of the function at all points distributed uniformly over the function domain. A specific feature of the novel operators follows from the arrangement of the function values as well as the values of derivatives, which are rectangular matrices instead of vectors. This significantly reduces the dimensions of the finite-difference operators to the numbers of points in each direction of the 2D area. The finite-difference equations are created exemplary elliptic equations. An original iterative algorithm is proposed for reducing the process of solving finite-difference equations to the multiplication of matrices.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Sobczyk
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Abstract

In the present study, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was proposed for efficient photocatalytic degradation of aspartame, acesulfame, saccharin, and cyclamate - artificial sweeteners frequently present in wastewaters and surface waters worldwide. TiO 2 nanosheets with exposed {0 0 1} facets were synthesised using the fluorine-free lyophilisation technique as a green concept for the synthesis and used for the photodegradation of selected sweeteners not susceptible to biodegradation. The synergetic effect of photocatalysis with the sulfate radical-based process was for the first time investigated. It was found that the studied artificial sweeteners were practically not susceptible to photolysis within 60 minutes of irradiation. In the presence of 2D titanium (IV) oxide, the artificial sweeteners were degraded entirely in less than 30 min, whereas the addition of peroxymonosulfate resulted in complete degradation after 10 – 15 minutes of the process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Smoliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Fiszka Borzyszkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kubica
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Zielińska-Jurek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 7 Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
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Abstract

Using a lower-cost laser scanner for generating accuracy in 3D point-cloud has been a concern because of economic issues; therefore, this study aims to create a 3D point cloud of a target object using a low-cost 2D laser scanner, Hokuyo UTM 30LX. The experiment was carried out in November 2019 with 16 single scans from 8 different viewpoints to capture the surface information of a structure object with many intricate details. The device was attached to a rail, and it could move with stable velocity thanks to an adjustable speed motor. The corresponding 16 point-clouds were generated by using the R language. Then, they were combined one by one to make a completed 3D point cloud in the united coordinate system. The resulted point cloud consisted of 1.4 million points with high accuracy (RMSE = 1:5 cm) is suitable for visualizing and assessing the target object thanks to high dense point-cloud data. Both small details and characters on the object surface can be recognized directly from the point cloud. This result confirms the ability of generated the accuracy point cloud from the low-cost 2D laser scanner Hokuyo UTM 30LX for 3D visualizing or indirectly evaluating the current situation of the target object.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anh Thu Thi Phan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ngoc Thi Huynh
2 3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  2. Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  3. Department of Bridge and Highway Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, HoChi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Abstract

In this paper, a new class of bidimensional fractional linear systems is considered. The stability radius of the disturbed system is described according to the H norm. Sufficient conditions to ensure the stability margins of the closed-loop system are offered in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The concept of D stability region for these systems is also considered. Examples are provided to verify the applicability of our main result.
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Authors and Affiliations

Souad Salmi
1
Djillali Bouagada
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Mathematics and ComputerScience, ACSY Team-Laboratory of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Abdelhamid Ibn Badis UniversityMostaganem, P.O.Box 227/118, 27000 Mostaganem, Algeria
  2. National HigherSchool of Mathematics, Scientific and Technology Hub of Sidi Abdellah, ACSY Team-Laboratory of Pureand Applied Mathematics(UMAB), P.O. Box 75, Algiers 16093, Algeria
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Abstract

In the last decade several papers have announced usefulness of two-dimensional materials for high operating temperature photodetectors covering long wavelength infrared spectral region. Transition metal dichalcogenide photodetectors, such as PdSe 2/MoS 2 and WS 2/HfS 2 and WS 2/HfS 2 heterojunctions, have been shown to achieve record detectivities at room temperature (higher than HgCdTe photodiodes). Under these circumstances, it is reasonable to consider the advantages and disadvantages of two-dimensional materials for infrared detection. This review attempts to answer the question thus posed.
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Bibliography

  1. Rogalski, A. 2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2020).
  2. Rogalski, A. Infrared and Terahertz Detectors. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2019).
  3. Rogalski, A. Quantum well photoconductors in infrared detector technology. Appl. Phys. 93, 4355–4391 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1558224
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Rogalski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Applied Physics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The semiempirical rule, “Rule 07” specified in 2007 for P-on-n HgCdTe photodiodes has become widely popular within infrared community as a reference for other technologies, notably for III-V barrier photodetectors and type-II superlattice photodiodes. However, in the last decade in several papers it has been shown that the measured dark current density of HgCdTe photodiodes is considerably lower than predicted by benchmark Rule 07. Our theoretical estimates carried out in this paper support experimental data. Graphene and other 2D materials, due to their extraordinary and unusual electronic and optical properties, are promising candidates for high-operating temperature infrared photodetectors. In the paper their room-temperature performance is compared with that estimated for depleted P i-N HgCdTe photodiodes. Two important conclusions result from our considerations: the first one, the performance of 2D materials is lower in comparison with traditional detectors existing on global market (InGaAs, HgCdTe and type- II superlattices), and the second one, the presented estimates provide further encouragement for achieving low-cost and high performance HgCdTe focal plane arrays operating in high-operating temperature conditions.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Rogalski
Małgorzata Kopytko
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Martyniuk
ORCID: ORCID
W. Hu
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Abstract

When modelling flow and/or sediment transport in streams and rivers, one must frequently use the computer software of differing levels of complexity. The level of sophistication, accuracy, and quality of results are the parameters by which models can be classified as being 1D, 2D, or 3D; it seems certain that in the future, there will also be 4D and 5D models. However, the results obtained from very sophisticated models are frequently questionable, and designers in the field of hydraulic structures must have considerable experience distinguishing important information from irrelevant information. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the effect of the selected boulder block ramp hydraulic structure at Poniczanka stream on the bed-load transport. We evaluated sediment transport using the CCHE2D numerical model. We analysed several scenarios depending on the river bed type (erodible, non-erodible, rocky) and examined the rock blocks used for hydraulic structure construction. The obtained results were compared with the Hjulström and the Shields graph, which are a classic approach for identifying fluvial processes in river channels. In addition to these two methods, numerical modelling using the 1D HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System) modelling were conducted, which included the determination of horizontal and vertical changes to the river bed morphology of the examined section of river reach as well as providing the basic hydrodynamics parameters which, from the practical point of view, designers involved in the process of designing ramps could use.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol K. Plesiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Artur Radecki-Pawlik
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fabian Rivera-Trejo
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Department of Hydraulic Engineering and Geotechnics, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Structural Mechanics and Materials, Kraków, Poland
  3. Juarez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Academic Division of Engineering and Architecture, Cunduacan, Tabasco, Mexico

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