The article presents a synthetic analysis of the crude oil market in Poland. As of today, this safety is provided mainly on the basis of native lignite and hard coal resources. However, the analysis of the hard coal market conducted by the authors indicates that the carried out mining restructuring (among others) led to an excessive reduction of mining volume and employment level in the hard coal mining sector. This led to a precedent situation when Poland became an importer of this energy carrier. In addition, the European Union’s requirements for greenhouse gas emissions must be taken into account. In connection with the above, it is necessary to search for new energy sources or technologies that enable hard coal to meet the requirements. It is possible to apply the so-called clean coal technologies that allow the greenhouse gas emissions generated during coal combustion to be reduced. As of today, they are not used on a mass scale, because the use of this type of technology involves additional financial expenses. However, taking into account that technologies have been growing faster and faster, are modernized in a shorter time, making a breakthrough discovery took hundreds of years, now it is often a few months, clean coal technologies can become the optimal solution in the near future. It is also necessary to diversify the sources of obtaining imported energy carriers.
The article describes coal and crude oil in terms of their mutual substitution. The article is a continuation of research conducted by the authors. Previous publications presented considerations on analogous topics related to natural gas and renewable energy sources. The crude oil market in Poland was analyzed and forecasts for oil extraction and the demand in the world and Poland by 2023 were presented. The SARIMA model was also created. The model made it possible to obtain oil an prices forecast.
This paper summarizes the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion
on developing the free-carbon economy in Ukraine. The main purpose of the paper is elaborating
the energy efficiency profile of Ukraine to assure the development of the free-carbon economy. To
achieve this purpose, the authors carried out an investigation in the following logical sequence.
Firstly, the bibliometric analysis of 4674 of the most cited articles indexed by the Scopus database
was conducted. The obtained findings indicated that the green economy transformation depended
on the main factors such as economic performance, corruption, macroeconomic stability, social
welfare, shadow economy etc. As a result, the forecast of the final energy consumption to 2030
was performed. The methodological tool of this research is based on the Autoregressive Integrated
Moving Average (ARIMA) model. This study involved data of the Visegrad countries (Poland, the
Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and Hungary) and Ukraine from 2000 to 2018. The base of
data is Eurostat, the EU statistical service. Based on the obtained results of analyzing the green
economic transformation in the Visegrad countries and Ukraine, the authors intimated the existence
of the significant energy-efficient gap in Ukraine compared to the analyzed countries. In reliance on
the experience of the Visegrad countries and the forecast results, the authors provided the main recommendations
for providing the green transforming in Ukraine. The authors highlighted that the obtained
results of this paper were considered to be the base for future investigations considering the influence
of endogenous and exogenous factors on developing the free-carbon economy in Ukraine.
The article presents the possibility of using the Cobb-Douglas production function for planning in a turbulent environment. A case study was carried out – the Cobb-Douglas function was used to examine the condition of the Polish hard coal mining industry and the progress which has been made after undertaking certain activities aimed at increasing the competitiveness of coal companies over recent years. Only the correct and confirmed identification of the causes of irregularities in the production process can allow for the introduction of effective remedies. The effectiveness of the solutions proposed by the author has been confirmed thanks to the simulation during which the impact of the proposed production strategy on the parameters of the CD function was examined. Three variants of production functions models were created and production productivity rates and marginal substitution rates were determined. The results enabled the verification of the progress of restructuring as well as identification of the origin of the observed problems and comparison of the current state with the results of analyses carried out in previous years. Scenarios of possible trend developments for the factors introduced into the function model in order to present remedial measures that could improve the process of hard coal extraction were created. The scenarios were created using the ARIMA class models. Which scenario is the most favourable was determined. A computer program, created by the author, for optimising the level and use of labor resources at the level of the entire coal company has been presented.