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Abstract

The paper presents the effect of electron beam alloying on the surface of a copper flat bar (M1Ez4) with titanium powder. Due to the quality of the surface after alloying and the obtained properties, the parameters used were given which met the assumed conditions to the greatest extent. The microstructure and mechanical properties as well as the chemical composition of surface-modified electron-beam copper show improved mechanical properties, i.e. hardness and abrasion resistance. This article uses research techniques using scanning electron microscopy and analysis of chemical composition in micro-areas (EDS). In order to examine the properties of the material after electron beam modification, hardness measurements were performed at low loads (HV0.1), abrasion resistance was tested, and conductivity was also measured. As a result of modifying the chemical and phase composition of M1E copper using an electron beam, the hardness increased by 46%, while the conductivity decreased by 16% due to the formation of intermetallic phases during solidification.
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Bibliography

[1] Węglowski, M.St., Błacha, S. & Phillips, A. (2016). Electron beam welding – Techniques and trends – Review. Vacuum. 130, 72-92. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2016.05.004.
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[6] Pakieła, W. & Brytan, Z. (2020). Laser surface alloying of aluminum alloys with Cu/Fe metallic powders. Solid State Phenomena. 308, 64-75, DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/SSP.308.64.
[7] Pakieła, W., Tański, T., Brytan, Z., Chladek, G. & Pakieła, K. (2020). The impact of laser surface treatment on the microstructure, wear resistance and hardness of the AlMg5 aluminum alloy. Applied Physics A. 126, 1-10. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-3350-x.
[8] Smolarczyk, P., Krupiński, M. & Pakieła, W. (2021). Microstructure and properties of the aluminum alloyed with ZrO powder using fiber laser. Solid State Phenomena. vol. 326, 157-165. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/ SSP.326.157.
[9] Janicki, D., Górka, J., Kwaśny, W., Pakieła, W. & Matus, K. (2020). Influence of solidification conditions on the microstructure of laser-surface-melted ductile cast iron. Materials. 13(5), 1174, 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051174.
[10] Krupiński, M., Krupińska, B. & Chulist, R. (2023). Influence of Re on the plastic hardening mechanism of alloyed copper. Materials. 16(16), 5519, 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/ma16165519.
[11] Krupińska, B., Rdzawski, Z., Krupiński, M. & Pakieła, W. (2020). Precipitation Strengthening of Cu–Ni–Si Alloy. Materials. 13(5), 1182, 1-12. DOI: 10.3390/ma13051182.
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[13] Patidar, D. & Rana, R.S. (2018). The effect of CO2 laser cutting parameter on Mechanical & Microstructural characteristics of high strength steel-a review. Materials Today: Proceedings. 5(9), Part 3, 17753-17762. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2018.06.099.
[14] Kusinski, J., Kac, S., Kopia, A., Radziszewska, A., Rozmus-Górnikowska, M., Major, B., Major, L., Marczak, J. & Lisiecki, A. (2012). Laser modification of the materials surface layer – a review paper. Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences: Technical Sciences. 60(4), 711-728. DOI: 10.2478/v10175-012-0083-9.
[15] Valkov, S., Ormanova, M. & Petrov, P.(2020). Electron-beam surface treatment of metals and alloys: techniques and trends. Metals. 10(9), 1219, 1-20. DOI: 10.3390/met10091219.
[16] Körner, C. (2016). Additive manufacturing of metallic components by selective electron beam melting — a review. International Materials Reviews. 61(5), 361-377. DOI: 10.1080/09506608.2016.1176289.
[17] Krupiński, M., Smolarczyk, P.E. & Bonek, M. (2020). Microstructure and properties of the copper alloyed with Ag and Ti powders using fiber laser. Materials. 13(11), 2430, 1-13. DOI: 10.3390/ma13112430.
[18] Božić, D., Stasic, J., Dimcic, B., Vilotijevic, M. & Rajkovic, V. (2011). Multiple strengthening mechanisms in nanoparticle-reinforced copper matrix composites. Bulletin of Materials Science. 34, 217-226. DOI: 10.1007/s12034-011-0102-8.
[19] Ran, Q., Liu, J., Wang, X. & Liu, J. (2021). The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure Evolution and Properties of an Age-Hardened Cu-3Ti-2Mg Alloy. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(1), 163-170. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.134772. https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/134772/edition/117801
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Authors and Affiliations

P.E. Smolarczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Krupiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Węglowski
2
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Pakieła
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Śliwiński
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
  2. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Upper Silesian Institute of Technology, Bł. Czesława 16-18, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the results of research on the abrasion resistance of cast iron with vermicular graphite in the as-cast state and after austempering (the latter material is referred to as AVGI – Austempered Vermicular Graphite Iron). Austenitization was carried out at the temperature values of either 900°C or 960°C, and austempering at the temperature values of either 290°C and or 390°C. Both the austenitization and the austempering time was equal to 90 minutes. The change of the pearlitic-ferritic matrix to the ausferritic one resulted in an increase in mechanical properties. Abrasion tests were conducted by means of the T-01M pin-on-disc tribometer. The counter-sample (i.e. the disc) was made of the JT6500 friction material. Each sample was subject to abrasion over a sliding distance of 4000 m. The weight losses of both samples and counter-samples were determined by the gravimetric method. It was found that the vermicular cast iron austenitized at 900°C and austempered at 290°C was characterized by the lowest wear among the evaluated cast iron types. The geometric structure of the surface layer after the dry friction test exhibited irregular noticeable grooves, distinct oriented abrasion traces, plastic flow of the material, microcracks, and pits generated by tearing out the abraded material. The largest surface roughness was found for the AVGI cast iron heat-treated according to the variant 3 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 390°C), while the smallest one occurred in AVGI cast iron subject to either the variant 2 (Tγ =960 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) or the variant 4 (Tγ =900 ºC; Tpi = 290°C) of heat treatment and was equal to either 2.5 μm or 2.66 μm, respectively. It can be seen that the surface roughness decreases with the decrease in the austempering temperature.
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Bibliography

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[2] Hebda, M. (2007). Processes of friction, lubrication and wear of machines. Warsaw – Radom: Ed. Institute of Sustainable Technologies - PIB.
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[8] Gumienny, G. (2013). Effect of carbides and matrix type on wear resistance of nodular cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13(3), 25-29.
[9] Jeyaprakash, N., Sivasankaran, S., Prabu G., Yang, Che-Hua, & Alaboodi Abdulaziz S. (2019). Enhancing the tribological properties of nodular cast iron using multi wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) as lubricant additives. Materials Research Express. 6(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafce9
[10] Wojciechowski A., Sobczak J. (2001) Composite brake discs for road vehicles. Warsaw: Motor Transport Institute.
[11] Guzik, E. (2001). Cast iron refining processes. Selected Issues. Archive of Foundry. Monograph No. 1M, 2001. Ed. PAN.
[12] Duenas, J.R., Hormaza, W. & CastroGüiza, G.M. (2019). Abrasion resistance and toughness of a ductile ironproduced by two molding processes with a shortaustempering. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 8(3), 2605-2612.
[13] Han, J.M., Zou, Q., Barber, G.C. & et al. (2012). Study of the effects of austempering temperature and time on scuffing behavior of austempered Ni–Mo–Cu ductile iron. Wear. 290-291, 99-105
[14] Du, Y., Gao, X., Wang, X. & et al. (2020). Tribological behavior of austempered ductile iron (ADI) obtained at different austempering temperatures. Wear. 456-457(203396), 1-12. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2020.203396
[15] Kochański, A., Krzyńska, A., Chmielewski, T. & Stoliński, A. (2015). Comparison of austempered ductile iron and manganese steel wearability. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15(spec.1), 51-54.
[16] Myszka, D. (2005). Microstructure and surface properties of ADI cast iron. Archives of Foundry. 5(15), 278-283.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakubus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The Jacob of Paradies University in Gorzów Wielkopolski, ul. Teatralna 25, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
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Abstract

High-chromium cast irons are used as abrasion resistant materials. Their wear resistance depends on quantity of carbides and the matrix

supporting these carbides. The paper presents the results of cast irons of chemical composition (in wt. %) 19–22 Cr and 2–4.5 C alloyed by

1.7 Mo + 5 Ni + 2 Mn to improve their toughness, which were tested in working conditions of ferroalloys crushing. Tests showed that

these as-cast chromium cast irons with mostly austenitic matrix achieved the hardness of 38-45 HRC, but their relative abrasion resistance

Ψ ranged from 1.3 to 4.6, was higher comparing to the tool made from the X210Cr12 steel heat treated on hardness 61 HRC. The

transformation of austenite into martensite occurs not only at the worn strained areas (on a surface of scratch) but also in their

neighbourhood. Due to the work hardening of relatively large volumes of transformed austenite the cast iron possesses high abrasion

resistance also on the surfaces where low pressures are acting. The tough abrasion-resistant cast iron well proved for production of

dynamic and wear stressed castings e.g., crusher hammers, cutting tools for ceramic etc.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Pokusová
A. Brúsilová
Ľ. Šooš
I. Berta
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Abstract

The article was created as a result of the work TECHMATSTRATEG 1 program “Modern Material Technologies” as part of the project with the acronym INNOBIOLAS entitled “Development of innovative working elements of machines in the forestry sector and biomass processing based on high-energy surface modification technologies of the surface layer of cast elements”; agreement No. TECHMATSTRATEG1/348072/2/NCBR/2017.
The article discusses the procedure for selecting casting materials that can meet the high operational requirements of working tools of mulching machines: transfer of high static and dynamic loads, resistance to tribological wear, corrosion resistance in various environments. The mulching process was briefly described, then the alloys were selected for experimental tests, model alloys were made and perform material tests were carried out in terms of functional and technological properties. The obtained results allowed to select the alloy where the test castings were made.
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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Pirowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
A. Bitka
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Grudzień-Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
M. Małysza
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Pysz
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Wieliczko
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Center of Casting Technology, Łukasiewicz Research Network – Krakow Institute of Technology Contribution, Poland
  2. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, Al. Mickiewicza 30. 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents the initial results of investigation concerning the abrasion resistance of cast iron with nodular, vermicular, or flake graphite. The nodular and vermicular cast iron specimens were cut out of test coupons of the IIb type with the wall thickness equal to 25 mm, while the specimens made of grey cast iron containing flake graphite were cut out either of special casts with 20 mm thick walls or of the original brake disk. The abrasion tests were carried out by means of the T-01M tribological unit working in the pin-on-disk configuration. The counterface specimens (i.e. the disks) were made of the JT6500 brand name friction material. Each specimen was abraded over a distance of 4000 m. The mass losses, both of the specimens and of the counterface disks, were determined by weighting. It was found that the least wear among the examined materials was exhibited by the nodular cast iron. In turn, the smallest abrasion resistance was found in vermicular cast iron and in cast iron containing flake graphite coming from the brake disk. However, while the three types of specimens (those taken from the nodular cast iron and from grey cast iron coming either from the special casts or from the brake disk) have almost purely pearlitic matrix (P95/Fe05), the vermicular cast iron matrix was composed of pearlite and ferrite occurring in the amounts of about 50% each (P50/Fe50). Additionally, it was found that the highest temperature at the cast iron/counterface disk contact point was reached during the tests held for the nodular cast iron, while the lowest one occurred for the case of specially cast grey iron.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Jakubus
ORCID: ORCID
M.S. Soiński
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Abstract

This study investigates the effects of Nano SiO 2 (NS) and Silica fume (SF) on the mechanical properties and durability of Portland cement concrete. On specimens with varying NS and SF concentrations, compressive strength, flexural strength, abrasion resistance, elastic modulus, and chloride ion penetration were all tested. All specimens were subjected to the proposed method/technique cured at the ages of 3, 7, 28, and 60 days. NS particles were added to cement concrete at various replacements of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% by the mass of the binder. The water/binder ratio has remained at 0.37 for all mixes. Then, for cement-concrete were prepared 45 MPa (C45) with NS and SF. The specimens confirm the new method effectiveness evaluation were prepared under two different categories: (1) Portland cement replacement with NS of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, by weight for adhesives; (2) Portland cement replacement with NS of 0.5%, 1.0% and each NS content in combination with SF of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively, by weight for adhesives. The results indicated that the abrasion resistance and Chloride ion penetration of concrete containing NS and SF are improved. Finally, an analytical model for forecasting the Elastic modulus, flexural strength, and compressive strength of cement concrete was established from obtained data.
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Authors and Affiliations

Huu-Bang Tran
1
Vu To-Anh Phan
2

  1. Faculty of Architecture, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
  2. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

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